This Minireview discusses the progress in covalent organic framework nanosheets, with a focus on studies that compare the performance of covalent organic nanosheets (CONs) with covalent organic frameworks (COFs) by demonstrating the impact of thickness and lateral growth of the nanosheets. The applications of CONs in components of batteries, as well as in biomedical applications, sensing, and heterogeneous catalysis are highlighted.

A novel classification for stereoinvertive nucleophilic substitution through neighboring group participation is presented. Three disctinct modes have been identified: Inversion via Rearrangements, Invertive Intermediate-Retentive Ring-opening and Retentive Intermediate-Invertive Substitution. In each instance, we have elucidated the fundamental principles underlying the stereochemistry and provided representative examples to illustrate the concepts.

Neuere Entwicklungen zur Nutzung nicht-transienter nicht-kovalenter Wechselwirkungen auf Basis der Elemente der Gruppen 14–17 in der organischen Synthese und der Organokatalyse werden erörtert. Während Halogen- und Chalkogenbrücken in diesem Bereich inzwischen eindeutig etabliert sind, beginnen sich Anwendungen von Pniktogen- und insbesondere Tetrelbrücken erst abzuzeichnen.

This review provides an introduction on the recent progresses made in the field of hydrazone-linked COFs for various applications including adsorption/separation, catalysis, chemical sensing and energy storage.

We report the quantitative electro-hydrogenation of unactivated alkenes with H₂O in neutral or even alkaline conditions. Electro-hydrogenation is typically driven by H⁺ reduction in acidic media to generate reactive metal-hydrides, which then either hydrogenate or react with H⁺ to liberate H₂ in a parasitic process. Our work shows that H₂ evolution can be suppressed by forming metal-hydrides via oxidative addition of H₂O instead of H⁺ reduction.

The first bioorthogonal CS₂ delivery system has been developed for cell platform applications, and it is found that the hepatoxicity caused by CS₂ is related to oxidative stress, proteotoxic stress and copper-dependent cell death.

NHC-supported 2-tetrelavinylidenes 1-E were prepared by a C(NHC) transfer reaction of the diazoolefin (NHC)CN₂ with (E)-(Tbb)BrE=EBr(Tbb). Structural, spectroscopic and theoretical studies reveal an interesting electronic structure of the 2-tetrelavinylidenes 1-E, which display stereodynamics in solution and undergo an 1,2-addition reaction with GeBr₂(1,4-dioxane) across the E=C multiple bonds forming NHC-supported bromogermynes 2-EGe.

A transient bacterial metabolite that potently activates T lymphocytes called MAIT cells is too unstable in water to fully exploit in biology. Here, we describe highly stable and extremely potent new immunostimulants, immunosuppressants, and probes that shed new light on the mechanism of MAIT cell activation. These new chemical tools offer fresh insights for designing novel vaccines, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infective drugs.

An enantioselective (4+2) annulation of N-propargylamides and α,β-unsaturated imines/ketones has been accomplished under gold-complex and chiral quinine-derived squaramide synergetic catalysis, providing chiral tetrahydropyridines/dihydropyrans with high efficiency and selectivity. This method complements the (4+2) annulation of allene reagents via a formal cycloaddition on internal π-bond, which is challenging and remains elusive.

Traumatic injury is a leading cause of global suffering and death. We rationally design polymeric, low volume resuscitants (LVRs) for the prehospital treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock. By varying polymer architecture, R_g, and composition to influence resuscitation, coagulation, and biodistribution, we developed a radiant star polymer that is non-coagulopathic and corrects 60 % total blood volume (TBV) loss when given at only 10 % TBV. This highly portable LVR has profound potential for application in trauma medicine.

NiFe_0.25Cr_1.75O₄ with a spinel structure, activated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) conditioning, demonstrates superior oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity among NiFe_xCr_2-xO₄ homologue catalysts in alkaline conditions. The activation of the initially inactive spinel is due to surface reconstruction facilitated by Cr leaching, resulting in a core–shell structure with cation vacancies. This catalyst shows exceptional activity and stability in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) at 80 °C in 1 M KOH.

The thin film (10 μm) of alumina (Al₂O₃) nanopowder is spin-coated on both sides of commercial polypropene separators, then transferred onto both anode and cathode surfaces during cell assembly. This creates both artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) that enhance electrochemical kinetics of potassium metal batteries (KMBs).

By optimizing the monomer and chain transfer agent pairs and making necessary adjustments to the reaction conditions, we have successfully developed the orthogonal single-unit monomer insertions (SUMIs) technique. This technique allows for the simultaneous implementation of radical and cationic SUMI reactions in a single reaction vessel without any mutual interference.

Hydroxylamine and nitrile groups efficiently enable lysine-selective amidination of peptides and proteins. The amidine products retain a positive charge at the modified sites and allow the charge-related properties to be preserved, such as the liquid-liquid phase separation and the interaction with negatively charged DNA to form protein-DNA fibres. The amidine products can undergo multi-site secondary modifications.

A series of extended pure hydrocarbon (PHC) materials with a high triplet energy, a wide HOMO/LUMO gap and improved thermal properties compared to reported PHCs have been constructed by the assembly of three spirobifluorene fragments. When used as the host in blue phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs), a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24 % with a low-efficiency roll-off was reached.

A novel organic cathode BQQPH with multiple active sites is developed for high-performance rechargeable Al batteries. The six C=O and six C=N groups in BQQPH enables a record ultra-high capacity of 413 mAh g⁻¹. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding network and π–π stacking interactions within BQQPH enable robust structural stability and minimal solubility, yielding an ultra-long lifetime of 100,000 cycles.

A series of Carbodithioate ester-containing molecular wires have been synthesized and characterized to demonstrate the functionality as a great contact group for molecular electronics with good all-around properties including strong surface binding and high conductance. Raman, XPS and theoretical calculations support the STM-BJ conductance data and rationalize the binding groups’ performance through a strong C=S to Au interaction.

A cell penetrating macrocycle (CPM) with flexible amine linkages and amphiphilic nature assembles into a micellar-like structure that can passively permeate through the cell membrane. CPM can efficiently transfer fully functioning proteins and genetic materials into the cytosol, independent of size, charge, or complexity.

A near-infrared fluorescence/photoacoustic dual-mode molecular probe with high specificity and responsiveness of carboxylesterase was developed through the analyte-induced molecular transformation strategy.

A novel enzymatic route to thioamides was elucidated as part of the biosynthesis of the antimetabolite 6-thioguanine in plant-pathogenic bacteria. Unexpectedly, an adenylating enzyme forms an intermediate cysteine-S-conjugate that is cleaved by a designated C−S lyase, a process that mirrors a prodrug approach in cancer therapy.

Through thioacetal modification, a 3d–4f metallacrown with a square planar Ni^II successfully realized chemical-induced coordination-induced spin state switching (CISSS) and the spin state of Ni^II altering from low-spin S=0 to high-spin S=1. The synergy of CISSS effect and magnetic interactions results in distinct energy splitting and magnetic dynamics.

A highly active electrocatalyst for the CO₂-to-CO conversion was successfully prepared by the ligand engineering of Au₂₅ nanoclusters with a cation-relaying ligand. The electrocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanoclusters was significantly boosted when the catholyte pH was higher than the pK_a of the ligand, demonstrating the cation-relaying effect of the anionic terminal group.

Using a method featuring an extrapolated time-zero Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Coherence Zero (HSQC₀) sequence on whole cell walls samples, we can successfully quantify native lignin's structural features. Applying this tool to compare whole cell wall samples to extracted lignin reveals fundamental differences in the apparent linkage distribution within the polymer, which provides insight into lignin's fractionation mechanism.

Sunlight-induced isomerization of azo-switches is realized through spectral reshaping. Our sunlight-driven azo-switches absorb across a broad ultraviolet to visible spectrum and achieve 80–90 % E→Z isomerization yields under unfiltered sunlight. Solar switches hold great potential for sustainable light-driven systems and efficient solar energy utilization for applications such as molecular machines, actuators, and molecular solar thermal storage.

We identify a symmetric dimension that is important for electron transfer or electronic localization from quantum chemical calculations and find that it naturally occurs in bridged mixed-valent systems as a consequence of the superexchange coupling mechanism.

Nowadays, the energy demand is increasing, so non-renewable resources are being consumed rapidly. Therefore, the need for renewable energy storage devices has become more urgent. SSLMBs eagerly evolve into small sizes, light mass, high energy density, good cycling performance, no memory effect, and environmental friendliness. However, the low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial contact hinder SSLMBs’ practical application. In this paper, the flexible SPE of in situ polymerized PAAA opens and stabilizes the Li⁺ ′highway′ inside the SPE, enhancing Li⁺ transport, and the oxygen vacancies of SiO₂ synergize with the substrate to bind the TFSI⁻, forming and transporting freer Li⁺, thus achieving high performance of SSLMBs at room temperature. This study provides ideas for the practical application of SSLMBs.

Cu single-atom catalyst with defected Cu-N₂ motif was prepared by a CN intermediate-assisted impregnation strategy. Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ dual-valence state and electron enrichment of Cu sites in Cu-N₂-V favorable to *CO adsorption and then C−C coupling, enabling CO₂ photoreduction to ethanol.

The crystal structure of ammeline was solved for the first time nearly 200 years after its discovery by Justus von Liebig. Moreover, several salts of ammeline were synthesized and structurally characterized to study its amphoteric behavior and the influence of the protonation degree on its molecular structure in the solid. Finally, the potential of ammeline as part of insensitive high-energy-density materials was examined.

Transient covalent polymers generated by chemical fuel reactions should serve as useful model systems for nonequilibrium assembly. Here, aqueous poly(anhydrides) have been generated by treatment of dicarboxylic acid monomers with carbodiimides. Molecular weights over 15,000 have been achieved, with polymer lifetimes on the order of hours to weeks. The effect of solvent, reactant concentrations, and temperature has been examined.

We synthesize the rare earth metal Sm SACs on N-doped carbon substrate. Theoretical calculations and experimental results both indicate that the Sm SACs have the structure of Sm-N₃C₃. With this design, the 4f orbital polarizes the 5d orbital, the electronic states near d_xz/yz increases, and the d orbital achieves a maximized overlap with the p orbital when interacting with LiPSs, resulting in an f-d-p orbital hybridization which provides high activity for accelerating LiPSs reaction kinetics and Li homogeneous deposition.

A hybrid catalyst composed of carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles and nitrogen-coordinated Mn single atoms is developed for biomolecule electrooxidation. The direct electron transfer between Pt nanoparticles and Mn single atoms as well as the construction of bridged Pt−OH−Mn mediators during reaction result in a significant improvement in detection and discrimination performances towards dopamine and uric acid.

Acetal-thiol click-like reaction with high conversion, > acid catalytic acetal-thiol reaction, and high universality, applicable to all typical types of acetals and thiols, was discovered for the facile synthesis of dynamic dithioacetals and readily recyclable polymers without catalyst and solvent. It provides a green and high-efficient reaction for the sustainable development of organic, polymer, material, medical chemistries, etc.

A nucleus and mitochondria dual-localized ruthenium(II) complex disrupts DNA to activate PARP1 protein combined with ATP consumption and produces mitochondrial oxidative stress, triggering porimin and Calpain 1 protein to induce cell oncosis and boosting innate and adaptive immunity.

A novel WO₃-Ov/In₂S₃ S-scheme photocatalyst with advanced performance is developed. Rapid charge transport ways triggered by Ovs at the heterointerface are unveiled by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (fs-TAS). The mechanism of Ovs on this S-scheme photocatalyst is revealed by comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations.

A water-insoluble crystal monomer that dissolved in EtOH/H₂O mixed solvent was designed to react with trimesoyl chloride via interfacial polymerization to construct coffee-ring structured the membrane. These features render 2.6-fold enhancement in the effective filtration area of the membrane, and thereby realizing a 2.7-fold boost in the MeOH permeance. Moreover, the fabricated membrane shows distinctive running stability in active pharmaceutical ingredients purification and the ability for concentration of medicines.

High-silica CHA zeolite is a benchmark membrane material for natural gas upgrading. The membranes were facilely synthesized by adopting the novel FAU-CHA seeds. An excellent CO₂/CH₄ separation performance was achieved even under pressure up to 6.1 MPa. The successful scaled-up synthesis paves the way for practical applications of zeolite membranes for gas separation.

Successive piezochromism with considerable range of 232 nm from blue to red is achieved in all-inorganic zero-dimensional perovskite nanocrystals through pressure-modulated self-trapped exciton emissions, which is very crucial to pressure stability monitoring for facilities working at extreme environments. Furthermore, the highly stable and bright green emission enhanced by over five times is quenched upon decompression.

A plethora of potential metal-supported pericyclic reactions in a palladium promoted allyl coupling reaction was explored with quantum chemical computations, with results implying that one should perhaps consider such processes regularly, but do so with caution. The results of these calculations lead to a revision of the mechanism for a recently reported allyl coupling reaction that makes use of an unusual outer-sphere reductive elimination.

An external method to quantitatively analyze the oxidation stability of electrolyte systems is proposed. It was shown that “anion-less” solvated structures are more resistant to oxidation than “anion-rich” ones owing to the weakening of the anion polarization effect. These findings provide a molecular perspective for electrolyte design in rechargeable high-energy Li-metal Batteries.

Elongated flipper probes with one and two alkynes in the core merge flipper- and rotor-like behavior to take photophysical properties to a new level of sophistication and introduce hydrophobic matching with one single leaflet as operational strategy to mechanosensitively track bilayer membranes by their thickness.

Single-atom Cu is anchored on the oxide layer of Fe@Cu₁FeO_x to form Cu₁-Fe dual-sites. The synergistic effect of enhanced NO₃⁻ adsorption on Fe sites and the strengthened water activation on Cu sites decreases the energy barrier for the rate-determining step of *NO hydrogenation, resulting in superior electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia.

An intriguing bottom-up molecular engineering approach is revealed toward single-step synthesis of a novel class of double heptagon-containing N-rich laterally-fused stimuli-responsive polycyclic heteroarenes, leveraging a highly step-economic octuple C−H activation manifold for simultaneous creation of hexagon-containing planar and heptagon-containing nonplanar skeletons on readily available triazolium template.

Electrochemistry textbooks teach that the behavior of charged redox centers bound by saturated linkers is essentially governed by electrostatics. We show that for short alkanes and pyridiniums, as Coulombic and through-bond interactions become ineffective, reductive cyclomer formation is governed by London dispersion and σ-type overlap of 2p_z atomic orbitals of the Cγ atoms of electrophoric ends rather than by electron spin-spin interaction.

We have fabricated three Ag₄L₄ type cuboctahedral coordination cages (Ag-MOC-X, X=NO₃, ClO₄, BF₄) which exhibit inner/outside coordination microenvironments, and metal/nonmetal active sites for synergistic enhancement of selectivity for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to CO in pH-universal electrolytes.

An intelligent PBSC interface is designed on the zinc anode with self-adaptation and shear-thickening properties by blending polyborosiloxane (PBS) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The reversible association/disassociation of dynamic B−O bonds enhances local structural integrity, effectively impeding continuous zinc dendrite growth and mitigating hydrogen evolution, ensuring stable zinc plating/stripping behaviors with enhanced cycling performance.

Inspired by the concept of transistor integration, an integrated structure with tandem connection is constructed by confining NS in conductive polymer reaction chambers, forming an interface of discrete nanoreactor units bonded on CNTs. Meanwhile, excellent performance is achieved through tandem connection with CNTs, isolation with PEDOT coating, and synergistic multiplicative effects among SP-NRs.

A facile but scalable strategy to decrease electrochemical polarization by accurately regulating multiple structural features for industrial-scale hard carbon enabling rapid sodium storage is proposed via adjusting the components of precursors.

Modulating the initial oxygen vacancy concentration of a catalyst supports can regulate the formation of adsorbate-mediated strong metal-support interaction (A-SMSI) and its stability under reaction conditions. The concept is demonstrated for CO₂ hydrogenation on Ru/TiO₂.

A series of efficient multi-component copolymerized donors (MCDs) P1_0.8/P2_0.2, P1_0.8/P2_0.2-TCl, P1_0.7/P2_0.3-TCl, and P1_0.6/P2_0.4-TCl were synthesized, and excellent efficiencies in both rigid (18.53 %) and flexible (17.03 %) OSCs along with fracture strain in pristine film (16.59 %) for P1_0.8/P2_0.2-TCl were achieved.

Oxetane synthase (TmCYP1), a novel cytochrome P450 enzyme from Taxus x media cell cultures, is functionally characterized to efficiently catalyze oxetane ring formation in paclitaxel biosynthesis. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed on the basis of substrate-feeding and isotope labelling experiments together with density functional theory calculations.

In this study, a heterogeneous nano-electrocatalyst consisting of Ni₉S₈-Ni₁₅O₁₆/NF was synthesized using a partial vulcanization method for composition design. The resulting catalyst demonstrated exceptional electrochemical oxidation performance of phenol (EOP). The self-assembled alkali-acid hybrid electrolytic cell can operate continuously for more than 300 hours at a fixed potential of 0.9 V. At the same time, through the design and equipment integration of the alkali-acid electrolytic cell, for the very first time, the anodic oxidation of phenol organic pollutants with the cathodic hydrogen production.

The interlayer Co-imine N motifs have been designed by using trinuclear copper-based imine-COFs with distinct electronic moieties for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Amongst, Co/Cu₃-TPA-COF exhibited exceptional activity and tunable syngas (CO/H₂) by various bipyridines. The interlayer Co-imine N motifs on the donor¹-acceptor-donor² structure can induce the oriented electron transfer from dual donors to the Co center, promoting CO₂ reduction.

We propose an “in-situ-tag-generation mechanism” and develop the GalTag technology based on galactose oxidase (GAO) for recording cellular interactions. GAO mounted on bait cells can in situ generate bio-orthogonal aldehyde tags as interaction reporters on prey cells. GalTag is unique in that it eliminates the need to add tag molecules, resulting in the ability to record bait footprints in three-dimensional biological solid regions.

Quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant-modified electrode-electrolyte interfaces have been designed for cathodic catalytic conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan. Under the application potential conditions, the surfactant undergoes a conformational transition from random distribution to directional assembly. This microenvironmental regulation strategy achieves efficient hydrogenation of HMF and inhibits hydrogen evolution reaction.

Coinage metals Cu, Ag, and Au can be sequentially dissolved from waste electrical and electronic equipment using green oxidants: aqueous H₂O₂ and Oxone in biomass-derived sustainable and recyclable ionic media: lactic acid and deep eutectic solvent made of choline chloride and urea. This sequential one metal – one method recycling approach closely follows efforts for the security of supply and objectives of circular economy and sustainable development.

In previous work, we showed that water soluble acyclic cucurbit[n]uril hosts function well as in vivo sequestrants for biologically active substances. Herein, we synthesize a series of water insoluble 3,6-dimethylcatechol walled acyclic CB[n] and demonstrate their function as solid state sequestrants for organic micropollutants.

Brom, ein nützliches, wenn auch toxisches Halogen, kann mit I₂ in dem Gleichgewichtsprodukt IBr koexistieren. Hier schlagen wir eine neue kovalent organische Gerüstverbindung (COF) mit Dreifachbindungen, einer elektronenreichen Pyreneinheit und Heteroatomen (N-Stellen) vor, um selektiv Br₂ gegenüber I₂ aufzunehmen. Die Beteiligung der Dreifachbindung kann als kombinierter Physisorptions- und Chemisorptionsprozess eingestuft werden, was zu einer einzigartigen Methode für die Bindung von Br₂ führt.

Der bifunktionale CO-Dehydrogenase (CODH)/Acetyl-CoA-Synthase (ACS)-Komplex verbindet die Katalyse an zwei Stellen, die durch einen Tunnel verbunden sind, der das erzeugte CO transportiert. Hydrophobe, CO-affine Stellen innerhalb des Tunnels wirken eher wie eine Eimerkette als wie eine einfache Röhre. Unsere Ergebnisse für den Tunnelumbau legen nahe, dass sich der Tunnel eher zur CO-Bindung als zur Maximierung des Umsatzes entwickelt hat.

Die Cobaltaelektro-katalysierte C−H-Aktivierung wurde entwickelt, um den Zugang zu Molekülen mit zentraler und axialer Chiralität mit Enantiomerenüberschüssen bis zu >99 % und Diastereomerenverhältnissen von >20 : 1 zu erzielen. Die Cobaltaelektro-Katalyse wurde durch eine hoch-effiziente Wasserstoffbildungsreaktion ermöglicht.

Halogenases enable organisms to alter the reactivity of a biological substrate by enzymatically installing a leaving group. In this communication, we discover a bacterial gene cluster which uses a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme to form strained carbocyclic amino acids from halogenated substrates. We also examine the role of the non-canonical amino acid pazamine in plant-bacterial interactions.

An ionic hydrogen bond-assisted carbene organocatalytic approach to afford a wide range of chiral N(V)-stereogenic N-oxide products is disclosed by formal desymmetrization of remote diols.

Amyloid degradation without photoirradiation. Cypridina luciferin analogs, dmCLA-X, are chemiexcited through autoxidation, leading to amyloid-selective oxygenation in the dark. Oxygenated Aβ furnishes reduced aggregation potency and cytotoxicity. The chemiexcitation strategy may be effective in treating amyloidosis by alleviating pathogenetic amyloids accumulated deep in the brain, where light hardly reaches.

A class of (S)-H₈-BINOL-derived chiral η⁶-benzene ligands has been developed, which can coordinate with ruthenium(II) highly site-selectively.The related chiral ruthenium(II) catalysts proved highly effective for the asymmetric C−H activation of N-sulfonyl ketimines with alkynes, affording a series of chiral spirocyclic sultams in up to 99 % yield with up to >99 % ee.

A structure-based engineering of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Planctomyces brasiliensis (PbPAL) is conducted for preparative-scale enantioselective hydroaminations of previously inaccessible yet synthetically useful substrates, such as amide- and ester-containing fumaric acid derivatives. Our engineered PbPALs exhibit exclusive α-regioselectivity, high enantioselectivity, and broad substrate scope. The potential utility of the developed biocatalysts is demonstrated by a preparative-scale hydroamination yielding tert-butyl protected l-aspartic acid, widely used as intermediate in peptide solid-phase synthesis.

A novel multifunctional photoinitiator that offers precise control over light-induced polymerization initiation (450 nm) and material degradation (365 nm) is developed. Upon degradation, the resulting linear polymers can be easily re-dissolved in their corresponding monomer and re-cured. Furthermore, this photoinitiator facilitates the successful 3D printing of intricate and precise structures. This represents a promising general strategy for the development of recyclable photoresins for 3D printing.

The Rh-catalyzed enantioselective δ-arylation of aryl 1,3-dienes is reported, giving Z-alkene products in >95 % ee and >95 : 5 Z : E. Protonolysis of a Rh-allyl intermediate generated by diene insertion into a Rh-aryl is likely the slow step and occurs by an inner-sphere proton transfer with MeOH.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) polymeric prodrugs were developed utilizing dynamic covalent chemistry. The reversible reaction between the 1,2 diol on TTX and phenylboronic acid enabled ex vivo TTX encapsulation with high efficiency (EE%, >90 %) and sustained TTX release in vivo. The resultant TTX sustained release depots induced prolonged local anesthesia with minimal systemic toxicity.

Pulsed electrosynthesis efficiently converts aromatic organoboron reagents to aryl radicals. Mechanistic studies reveal that pulsed electrosynthesis overcomes challenges like radical grafting/passivation, homocoupling, overoxidation, and decomposition. This electro-oxidative method enables straightforward functionalization of aromatic organoboron reagents to form aryl C−P, C−Se, C−Te, and C−S bonds.

N-pyridinium aziridines serve as latent dual electrophiles for the synthesis of β-phenethylamines. Ni-catalyzed aziridine ring opening with organozinc nucleophiles affords a diverse family of β-functionalized phenethylaminopyridinium salts which upon reductive N−N cleavage provides access to rapid and modular molecular assembly of β-phenethylamines.

In contrast to other atoms or molecules, H₂ enters both the pores and the framework cages of siliceous zeolites under high pressure. This results in strong swelling and symmetrization of the structures with very high hydrogen contents of 1.5–1.7 H₂ molecules/SiO₂ unit being obtained.

In NaCl solutions and in the presence of lysozyme, the potential drug [V^IVO(acetylacetonato)₂] undergoes ligand exchange, partial oxidation of V^IV to V^V producing unexpected mixed-valence polyoxidovanadates with composition [V₁₅O₃₆(OH₂)]⁵⁻, [V₁₅O₃₃(OH₂)]⁺ and [V₂₀O₅₁(OH₂)]ⁿ⁻, which bind covalently and non-covalently to the protein surface.