Plants respond to environmental stresses by modulating a complex network of molecular mechanisms according to the duration and intensity of the insult. Herein, we report the proteome reprogramming in potato cells under short and long-term water deficit, providing unique molecular signatures of potato cell stress adaptation.

• Long-term exposure to micro- and nanoplastics make the willow plants Salix maizhokunggarensis unsuitable for herbivores to consumption by increasing leaf hardness, causing mouthpart wear, disruption of the gut microbiota, and epithelial cell rupture in Plagiodera versicolora, ultimately increasing mortality.

The incorporation of plant architecture optimizes the trait-based classification of vegetation. Due to the plastic variation in plant architectural traits, coastal dwarf forests have formed a distinct vegetation type.

We have established an effective system for stable gene editing in Dendrobium officinale and have successfully knocked out DoALA4─DoALA6 genes in D. officinale and obtained gene-edited plants. We revealed that DoALA4─DoALA6 affect the growth of D. officinale and the ability of disease resistance.

Rice roots form apoplastic barriers to limit radial O₂ loss and toxic Fe uptake. In low-O₂ conditions, tight barriers containing enhanced suberin and glycerol esters are formed in the exodermis. In high Fe conditions, partial barriers develop, characterized by a suberized exodermis and iron plaques covering roots.

We constructed a comprehension omics database for mangroves research community. MangroveDB provides several tools for data analysis, which facilitates further exploration, especially for researchers performing wet-lab experiments.

• This study offers insights into how partial replacement of K by Na enhances physiological functions and metabolic performance, elucidating the trade-offs between drought tolerance and maximized growth in Eucalyptus species.

• The ideal rate of K replacement with Na upregulates the ion and water transport systems, maximizes enzymatic antioxidant performance and biomass production, and decreases oxidative stress.

We recommend that stomatal slope parameters (g₁) be inferred by inversion so that variations in g₁ may be attributed to variations physiological and environmental conditions. Understanding g₁ will advance predictions of plant gas exchange and performance under global climate.

• AspRS3 dysfunction in Arabidopsis impairs chloroplast development, photosynthetic efficiency, and growth.

• Elevated CO₂ ameliorates the asprs3-1 phenotype by reducing Rubisco oxygenation and photorespiration, highlighting the crucial role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in photorespiratory metabolism.

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  The membrane protein SAV1 modified the chemical composition of very-long-chain fatty acids in cuticular waxes.

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  The defective phenotype of sav1-1 in sugar-free medium resembles that of abcg5.

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  SAV1 interacts with ABCG5 and function in wax transport by altering the subcellular localisation of ABCG5.

The study of the impact of an overlooked yet prominent environmental factor, the moon, on growth of mustard plants revealed that short-time exposure to moonlight initiates a developmental switch that subsequently influences cellular activities over the long term, resulting in improved growth.

This review addresses the variability in root exudate studies by examining how experimental factors—such as spatial, temporal and analytical parameters—affect exudation. It emphasizes the need for standardized methods and provides a guide to improve experimental design and reporting in the field.

The PtTFL2 gene functions as both an environmental sensor and dormancy marker in Pinus tabuliformis. It is regulated by cold-dependent and independent pathways involving the photoperiod-responsive PtCOL1 and PtSVP-like (SVL) genes. The CO-TFL module controls fall dormancy (ecodormancy), while the SVP-TFL module manages the shift to endodormancy in winter.

• SmHSFA8 enhances the heat tolerance of eggplant by activating SmHSPs expression, mediating the SmEGY3-SmCSD1 module and promoting SmF3H-mediated flavonoid biosynthesis.

• This finding is highly important for adaptation to climate change and eggplant production under high-temperature stress.

The volatile compound MeSA-mediated plant–plant communication is crucial for enhancing group immunity. The transcription factor WRKY1 increases the SA content and enhances the resistance to powdery mildew in neighbouring plants by promoting the conversion of MeSA to SA and inhibiting the conversion of SA to MeSA.

Our study demonstrated that manipulation of DcCYP97C1 was sufficient to influence carotenoid flux, change carrot colour and for high lutein production.

PpnCCT39 in poplar enhances chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthesis, impacting leaf morphology and chloroplast structure, highlighting its critical role in nucleocytoplasmic interactions.

The degree of inhibition of leaf respiration by light is often studied, but the methods used and the results obtained are variable. We suggest that in the future daytime leaf respiration is measured 3 min after dark acclimation to avoid under-estimating the degree of light inhibition of leaf respiration. This will most likely speed up future surveys and perhaps also result in less inter-study variation in the calculated degree of light inhibition of leaf respiration.

• This study examines the influence of Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺ on carboxylation and oxygenation by rubisco purified from two ecotypes of Plantago lanceolata adapted to different CO₂ atmospheres.

• Specificity for CO₂ over O₂ for rubiscos from both ecotypes was higher when the enzymes were bound to Mg²⁺ than Mn²⁺.

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  This study introduces a combined modelling and experimental approach to quantify the effect of far-red light on photosynthesis.

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  A single parameter representing this effect is calculated for Solanum dulcamara, Lactuca sativa and Phaseolus vulgaris.

Lymantria xylina feeding increases phosphorylation (on Thr807) level of CeGLR3.6 to induce the synthesis of jasmonic acid, further promotes the flavonoids accumulation against insect feeding in Casuarina equisetifolia.

A new split-root system was employed to investigate the response of cotton seedlings to nonuniform salt stress, based on germination paper. The root endodermal barrier plays a role in maintaining ion homoeostasis in cotton. ABA and ethylene have opposite effects on root endodermal suberization to mitigate nonuniform salt stress.

The overlooked role of capacitance is revealed theoretically for vapor flow and by dimensional analogy for liquid flow. It combines with conductance to attribute distinctly the physiological and physical contributions to the quantitative formulation of plant transpiration and sap flow.

Our study highlights the importance of considering plasticity in the stomatal traits for accurate prediction of plant responses under future climate change. We found large variation in maximum stomatal conductance associated with the acclimation of soil-stem hydraulic conductance to temperature and water stress treatments. However, the response of stomata and water potential to vapor pressure deficit was highly conserved.270

Here, we revealed a HIVE-mediated transcriptional reprogramming in vinca plants that allocates their metabolic resources for chemical defence at a normal temperature, when herbivory pressure is high, but switches to cold tolerance under a cooler temperature, when insect infestation is secondary.

The early timing of defence gene activation after the onset of herbivore damage is regulated by histone modifications that are highly dependent on specific histone acetyltransferases/deacetylases (HAC1/HDA6) with TPL/TPR corepressors in Arabidopsis thaliana.

High-resolution DNA methylation data analysis in Arabidopsis reveals gene networks that participate in short-term high light stress response. These networks show correspondence with changes in plant stress phenotype.

We summarize recent advances in the manipulation of host ER homeostasis by pathogens, further review key counteracting strategies employed by plants to maintain ER homeostasis during infection, and finally propose several suspending questions in this evolving field.

Transcriptome analysis at 4°C and −4°C revealed that photosynthesis and ROS scavenging pathways play important roles in the cold response of Syntrichia caninervis, and A-5 type of DREB transcription factors are the hub genes related to cold resistance. ScDREBA5, which shares a common origin with CBFs, was upregulated by ~1000-fold after freezing stress, and significantly enhanced the cold tolerance of S. caninervis and Physcomitrella patens by regulating the expression of CORs, photosynthesis-related and ROS scavenging genes.

Size spectra of Corner's rules traits were identified in twigs of both simple- and compound-leaved tree species, but the two functional groups diverged in investment-return scaling relationships. Larger leaf and terminal stem sizes led to more efficient resource acquisition and faster growth rates.

• OsPIL15, a phytochrome-interacting factor-like gene, delayed the rice heading date partially via binding to the promoter of OsLF to upregulate OsLF.

• Furthermore, the delay in heading date induced by OsPIL15 was found to be dependent on the functional phytochrome B.

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  The regulatory networks of low temperature-response in Camellia sinensis remain largely unknown.

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  In this study, we uncovered that CsCIPK20 competes with CsVTC1 to interact with CsCSN5, thereby protecting CsVTC1 from degradation mediated by CsCSN5 and contributing to AsA accumulation and freezing tolerance in tea plants.

Experienced plants achieve higher tolerance levels to stresses such as pathogens and heat. Localized pathogen inoculation protects plants against heat shock, similar to acquired thermotolerance; in contrast, elevated temperature suppresses pathogen-mediated systemic acquired resistance.

Under the stress, the male plants enriched more prebiotics and probiotics, effectively alleviating the stress damage. The keystone taxa promoted the cooperation of bacteria and improved the host tolerance by regulating microbial interactions.

We describe the grape leaf water–carbon relation. Under drought, the plants limit their growth and carbon export to conserve their nonstructural carbohydrates. The phloem remained functional even under extreme drought, allowing for recovery of carbon export after rehydration.

HTT1 encodes a chloroplast-localized SAD desaturase involved in the biosynthesis of unsaturated C18:1 fatty acid to cope with high-temperature stress by maintaining membrane stability in rice, which could facilitate the improvement of crops and their adaptation to rising global temperature.

• Functional redundancy is considered a pivotal insurance mechanism.

• Our results indicate that species from arid environments have greater stomatal redundancy and lower hydraulic redundancy, which prevents the loss of photosynthesis and water transportation; thus, stomatal redundancy might be the key adaptive mechanism for plants to adapt to drought conditions.

We reported the scRNA-seq transcriptomes of single cells from root tips of the wheat Chinese spring (CS) cultivar, defined cell-type-specific marker genes and identified most of the major cell types, which contributing to a better understanding of wheat cultivar (CS) root development at unprecedented resolution.

• Plant roots can extract water from porous and highly conductive rocks (Breccia), but not from more compact ones (Dolostone), especially when plants grow in rocky substrate or experience water stress, and thus have low root hydraulic conductivity and low rates of water extraction from rocks.

• Our data support the hypothesis that rocks represent important water stores for plants growing in rock-dominated habitats, and that heterogeneous rock properties translate into different rates of water delivery to root systems.

• CmTGA1 binds to CmRbohD, resulting in a ROS burst.

• The rapid accumulation of ROS enhances SOD and POD activities and catalysers lignin biosynthesis, thereby improving the resistance of chrysanthemum to CWR.

• Inositol exported from the vacuole via the tonoplast inositol transporter BvINT1;1 contributes to raffinose synthesis and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) taproots during cold.

• This review highlights how epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA activity, drive stress resilience in tropical and subtropical plants, offering insights into adaptation strategies and applications for plant resilience under climate change.

• Mangroves with convergently evolved isobilateral leaves, while enhancing local adaptation, increase vulnerability to human-induced rapid environmental changes, emphasising the need for targeted conservation of adaptive traits facing climate change.

To understand the impact of clock regulation beyond transcription we studied the circadian proteome dynamics in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Our study showed robust concurrent rhythms of several key proteins associated with important metabolic pathways. We envisage that in-depth circadian proteomics studies will complement transcriptomics for a comprehensive understanding of clock regulation of metabolism.

High-hybrids exhibit HPH and MPH in key enzymes of carbon–nitrogen metabolism. Hybrids inherit parental genes in a dynamically non-additive manner, non-additive DEGs in carbon–nitrogen metabolism co-regulatecoregulate growth heterosis by regulating carbohydrate accumulation, enzyme activity and respiratory energy consumption. GRF4–DELLA interaction contributes to growth heterosis.

This study demonstrates that the HKT-type protein HKT1;1 negatively regulates salt tolerance of recretohalophytes by decreasing salt secretion rate of salt glands.

• Plant lines mutated in GS2 and GOGAT exhibited decreased PSII efficiency, and disrupted GSH redox potential under light stress and reduced de-novo nitrate assimilation, indicating that, in addition to supporting plant growth by providing N to form organic nitrogen compounds, nitrogen assimilation plays a role in energy dissipation and redox balance.

In acidic soil conditions, Al restricts crop growth and yield but enhances the growth of tea plants. This study demonstrates that Al upregulates the expression of genes involved in the flavonol biosynthetic pathway, modulates F2-type flavonol biosynthesis, and affects auxin homoeostasis, thereby promoting lateral root formation in tea plants. These findings provide a solid basis for further exploring the mechanisms by which Al promotes lateral root initiation in tea plants.

Mycorrhizal colonisation in tomato is negatively associated with expression of sly-miR408b. sly-miR408b and its target gene SlBBP regulate mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato through mediating SOD activity and ROS production.

This study explores the interactive effects of assisted migration and stand diversification on leaf traits and herbivory using a tree diversity experiment in Southern England. Oaks of Italian provenance received more herbivory than oaks of the local provenance, revealing a potential downside of assisted migration. Increasing neighbourhood diversity did not mitigate higher herbivory. Additionally, light availability significantly affected oak leaf traits; however, this did not explain variation in herbivory.

An increase in PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) significantly promoted the foliar cuticular wax deposition in four different species, without altering the relative lipid composition. However, increased cuticular wax amounts did not result in lower rates of residual (cuticular) transpiration.

We show that salt-stressed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Better Boy) plants are poor hosts for the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) impacting caterpillar preference and performance, and moth oviposition.

Expression of SCARECROW, which is specific to bundle sheath cells in leaves of C₄ Flaveria bidentis, showed that higher-order veins were formed early in leaf development. Blocking polar auxin transport affected mesophyll cell proliferation and differentiation, disrupting the C₄-type cell patterns.

The high-dimensional nature of plant response and recovery to water-limiting conditions creates scientific challenges. We examine how datasets that collect hydrological, physiological and meteorological variables simultaneously may help identify mechanisms and constrain predictions.

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) holds great importance as a fruit tree in China, with strong tolerance to drought and saline stress, but its growth is limited by vulnerability to cold stress. Here, to elucidate how jujubes response to cold stress, through gene identification, gene function verification, transcriptome and protein-protein interaction analysis, we found that ZjMAPKK4 could interact with ZjNAC78 to regulate the downstream ZjICE-ZjCBF genes to regulate the cold tolerance of jujube.

We performed a GWAS analysis of natural variability of Arabidopsis trichome development and epidermal metal deposition, including its relationship to climate factors. Besides of confirmatory identification of several known genes, we found possible new players contributing to the studied processes.

The striped stem borer (SSB) CsFer1 protein functions as an effector involved in the regulation of iron homoeostasis- and lipid peroxidation-related plant defense during rice-SSB interaction.

CmBBX28 interact with an anthocyanin biosynthesis activator CmMYB9a, interfering with its binding to the promoters of target genes and reducing its protein abundance. CmBBX28 is induced by darkness and this interaction ultimately leads to decreased anthocyanin biosynthesis under dark conditions.

The size of damaged leaves is the determinant factor shaping volatile emission levels in maize seedlings. Generalist herbivores preferentially feed on leaves that emit the most volatiles, with no apparent performance benefit.

Using combined approaches, for example, reverse genetics, phenotypical rescue test, promoter activity assay, patch-clamping of root tip protoplast and homology modelling, we show that Arabidopsis GLR2.5c has a regulatory role in heteromeric GLR complex involved in triggering the root growth response to L-Glu.

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  Fraxinus excelsior or common ash is severely threatened by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus the causative agent of ash dieback. Genomic prediction models were combined with GWAS to predict variation in disease tolerance and phenological avoidance.

In Arabidopsis thaliana, jasmonic acid signalling promotes the degradation of JAZ proteins, relieving their inhibition on ICE1. Once activated, ICE1 regulates floral organ and pollen development by stimulating the expression of MYB21, MYB24 and MYB108.