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Representative evidence relevant to RT combined with ICI in the brain, lung, head and neck and pelvic malignance suggest that RT+ICI combination therapy might augment toxicities without augmenting sAE. Early recognition and proper management is essential to prevent sAE and indicate a good prognosis.

Enrichment and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTC) can aid more effective prostate cancer detection. CTC based prostate cancer detection can reduce false negatives as well as false positives.

Graphical Abstract. The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) plays a significant role in modulating various phases of tumour cell apoptosis events; therefore, targeting the UPS may provide new inspiration and opportunities to operate cancer cell apoptosis. Here, we systematically summarised the mechanisms of UPS-mediated regulation of cell-intrinsic apoptosis and strategies targeting the UPS-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway in cancer.

E3 ubiquitin ligases are important players in cellular processes by ubiquitinating substrate proteins in disease progression such as cancer. Owing to this, scientists attempt to identify safe and bioavailable compounds targeting E3 ligases. In this review, we summarise the roles of E3 ligases in cancer-related pathways, highlight the application and clinical significance of small molecule inhibitors and discuss further directions .

1. CPPs are amino acid sequences that can induce uptake processes by the cells.

2. CPPs can facilitate the intracellular delivery of a variety of anti-cancer therapeutic moleculars.

3. The mechanisms of the CPPs uptake can be generally categorised into energy-dependent and direct penetration.

4. The optimisation of CPPs' defects will promote their clinical applications as drug delivery vehicles.

Optical three-dimensional scanning devices can produce geometrically accurate, high-resolution models of patients. In this study, the potential application of these models in the design of radiotherapy treatments and devices has been explored by acquiring 173 scans of 26 volunteers. This paper provides a summary of observations made by both subjects and operators, and describes a clinical workflow that could be employed in other departments.

Cancer is a complex disease associated with a combination of abnormal physiological processes affecting multiple systems. The single nanocarriers are not satisfy complex cancer diseases. However, multifunctional nanoparticles are upgraded versions of the original function and involve a sophisticated system with a proper backbone. Here, the construction strategies and application advances of multifunctional nanoparticles are systemically summarized.

Several microbes, such as Fn, Helicobacter pylori, Fusobacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, promote cancer progression. Other microbes, such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacteria, Lactobacoilli, Streptococcus thermophilus, Leptotrichia, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, can inhibit cancer progression. Possible therapeutic approaches for cancer include fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT), probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, oncolytic virus, and nanospheres.

Nanostructured cancer cell membrane-based vesicles loaded with the immunostimulant polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid for enhanced antigen cross-presentation and T-cell activation against cancer.

Photothermal therapy can be used for the treatment of tumors, tissue defects, and anti-infection, depending on the effects at varying temperatures. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the application of temperature-dependent photothermal biomaterials, including the temperature ranges of 40–42°C, 43–50°C, and over 50°C. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives of biomaterials in addressing temperature-orchestrated PTT were discussed.

The gas-generating platforms for tumor therapy precisely have been as a green treatment method. We summarized a nice overview on the mechanism, the common gas release pathways of NO, O₂, CO, CO₂ under ultrasound, and their applications for tumor therapy. We believe this review could represent a new field on antitumor.

The cellular and molecular switches of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are highlighted. The molecular players of tumor angiogenesis are enumerated. Tumor angiogenic therapy and future antitumor approaches are outlined.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) have been increasingly utilized in Radiation Oncology to treat early stage tumors, metastatic targets, and retreatment of relapsed diseases due to its efficiency, treatment effect and cost effectiveness in the past two decades. SRS and SBRT both demand high specifications for their delivery machines as they deliver radiation doses with fewer treatment fractions and higher doses per fraction. Manufacturers have either invented specialized technologies solely or customized their existing machines for this purpose. In this paper, we review the major technologies and treatment machines for SRS and SBRT, describe their main features, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages.

This paper summarizes six recent technical advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for MRI-guided radiotherapy: MRI simulators, MRI-linear accelerator hybrid machines, MRI-only workflow, four-dimensional MRI, MRI-based radiomics, and magnetic resonance fingerprinting.

The aim of this review article is to discuss esophageal anastomotic leak, and describe modern treatment approaches. Endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVT, E-VAT)may be the most promising therapeutic strategy for the most dreaded complication. EVT (E-VAT) also has good commercial prospects.