The cover image is based on the Research Article Zinc-ion battery based on heteroatom-doped improved-quality graphene film as a functional current collector by Seoyeong Kim and Geon-Hyoung An, https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8328.

Hydrogen as a green and clean energy.

To know the different heat transfer enhancement methods in various types of heat exchangers using phasechange materials. To investigate different factors affecting charging and discharging rates of phase change materials in various PCM based heat exchangers. To study the role of metal foams, nano based phase change material and composite phase change material to improve the efficiency of a thermal energy storage system. To investigate the thermal performance of packed and cascaded heat exchangers. To study a novel kind of heat exchanger called Webbed Tube Heat Exchanger.

− Recent carbon capture and utilization technologies

− Carbon emission, energy, and environment

− Carbon capture materials and associated challenges

− CO₂ for sustainability

Organic Aerogel in Low Temperature Fuel Cell.

Hydrogen, the lightest atom, is a promising alternative energy source to fossil fuels but its safe and efficient storage is a challenge. Solid-state electrochemical hydrogen storage is a promising method among hydrogen storage methods. A detailed review of approaches and materials for electrochemical hydrogen storage is presented.

High heat-flux long pipe flow is identified to have different heat transfer regimes. Based on the data in different regions of heat transfer transitions, new correlation has been proposed and compared with BP network estimation.

This article represents the electrocatalytic activity of hybrid 2D-1D nanostructure of NiO composited with PEDOT:PSS and rGO towards methanol oxidation and oxygen evolution reaction.

Preparation of novel nano-structured films via thermodiffusion and polymerization methods for solar-hydro electricity generation.

As the researchers in the past have not considered various different renewable sources such as wind, solar, battery energy storage systems, and PHEVs simultaneously in the formulation of stochastic profit-based unit commitment (SPBUC) problems, thus the key focus of the authors in this paper is to consider these power sources altogether in SPBUC problem. The quadratic cost characteristics of thermal units formulated in most of the research publications, may not represent large size thermal units with multiple input valves accurately. Valve point loading effect of thermal turbines has also been considered and successfully solved the SPBUC problem. Furthermore, it has been observed that the uncertainty in wind speed, solar irradiance and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have been rarely considered while reviewing the literature. Therefore to deal with the uncertainties, Monte Carlo simulation technique has been successfully applied.

To improve transuranics (TRUs) transmutation performance, a thorium-based chloride salt fast reactor (TCLFR) for TRUs is proposed. TRUs transmutation potential is investigated and compared in three TCLFR cores (ThCore, GdCore, and TcCore) to the conventional molten chloride fast reactor (MCFR). The transmutation rates of the TcCore and GdCore are higher than those of the MCFR, while the ThCore is lower.

An integrated framework for optimal allocating roof space to photovoltaic panels and solar water heaters to provide part of the energy demand of the building and supply the excess energy to grid.

In our study, it is found that the ignition and burnout performance of the carbon-rich fraction are enhanced with the addition of corn straw char. Due to the different mixing ratios, the mineral composition of the bottom ash shows different changes. It can be observed that the ash sample with 40% mixing carbon-rich fraction proportion presents the most obvious agglomeration phenomenon. Besides, the bottom ash is rich in silicon, which can be extracted and reused. Moreover, the heavy metal contents in the bottom ash all meet the Chinese Standard of Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standard. The results obtained from this paper aim to guide the large-scale treatment of coal gasification fine slag in the Ningdong region, China. Additionally, the study could make a practical reference for the potential of coal gasification fine slag as energy recovery.

High surface area multi-layered graphene like activated carbon was synthesized from hazelnut shell activated carbon using simple and scalable sono-exfoliation process. Flexible supercapacitors were fabricated using sono-exfoliated multi-layered graphene like activated carbon and bio-polymer electrolyte. High surface area with graphene like morphology enhances the electrochemical performance. The fabricated flexible supercapacitors displayed high energy density of 38.7 Wh kg⁻¹ at power densities of 198.4 W kg⁻¹ with excellent flexibility over different bending radii.

Framework of a verstile multiphysics model for thermal runaway estiamtion

A new insight into vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) parameter estimation is presented. Driven by the electric vehicles proliferation, a hybrid fast charging station with grid and renewable energy connection is particularly considered. In this stationary application, the VRFB is operating as buffering module.

The novelty of this work is to assess the annual degradation rate of three silicon-based PV modules by employing different statistical techniques namely linear regression, classical seasonal decomposition, holt-winters', and seasonal and trend-decomposition using loess. The aim of this work is to compare the degradation rates obtained using four methods and determine the most accurate one.

The structure of porous secondary nanoparticles: the structure of solid cubic elements consisting of primary nanoparticles, the filler (graphene oxide nanosheets in this study), and micropores, and thermal conductivity prediction.

• Comprehensive and statistical models were developed to describe the behaviors of the catalyst system using RSM methodology.
• The effect of operating condition and their interactions on the selectivity of products was investigated with statistical approaches.
• The optimization technique was investigated to generate desirable products.

• Highly efficient and sustainable CPTF@FACC photocatalyst gives good yield and selectivity in photocatalytic oxygenation reactions under solar light.
• Greener CPTF@FACC photocatalyst also regenerates 81.1 % and 73.1% of 1,4-NADH and 1,4-NADPH coenzyme in 2 hours, respectively.

The multifunctional current collectors are prepared for high-performance zinc-ion batteries (ZIB). The reduction in the oxygen-containing groups and nitrogen-doping effect can improve the high-rate performance of ZIB. In addition, fluorine-doping effect enhances the cycling stability of ZIB.

Nickel-based porous transport layer as a anode for AEMWE is proposed. The performance and durability of Ni-felt and Ni-foam was higher than Ti-felt. Ni-foam showed the highest performance and durability due to its interconnected pore structure.

Specific capacity, HER, OER, and Overall Water Splitting of Mn_0.2Ni_0.8Co₂O₄ electrode and their FE-SEM images, respectively.

Ternary NiMnCo-based nanoporous carbon material for MOR.

The synthesis process of MoO₃/α-Fe₂O₃-1 and its response value towards 5 ppm H₂ and CO.

The manuscript entitled “Enhancement effects of the side blockage arrangement in the flow channel on the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell” is prepared by Jun Shen, Changqing Du, Fuwu Yan* et al. A novel flow field with side blockage is proposed for performance improving. The effects of side blockages on mass transfer, temperature distribution and performance are studied based on the principle of field synergy. The presence of side blockages proves to enhance the convective heat and mass transfer.

In order to improve efficiency and stability of non-fullerene acceptor based PSCs, we have used three commercially available and inexpensive materials, E1, E2, and E3, as interlayer between zinc oxide and active layer in inverted OSCs. The new interlayer materials enhance the carrier injection/extraction properties and thus the PSCs exhibited an improved J_SC of 27.18 mA/cm² and PCE of 16.52%. The new interlayer, E3 in particular, forms a well-aligned cascade energy levels between the active layer and zinc oxide layer. This cascading energy levels reduce the energy barrier for electron injection and collection at the interface. The devices also exhibited improved device stability under continuous illumination, annealing and high humidity.

Nanotube SnO₂ cathodes constructed by electrospinning for high-performance hybrid Mg/Li ion batteries

Ni-Fe-Al hydrotalcite-like compounds are a good precursor for the preparation of Ni-Fe alloy catalysts. Upon calcination and reduction, Ni-Fe-Al HTlcs are transferred to Ni(Fe,Al)O solid solution and the homogeneously mixed nickel and iron species are co-reduced to yield composition-uniform and well-dispersed alloy particles. The Ni-Fe/Al2O3 alloy catalysts exhibit higher carbon yield in methane decomposition than the Fe-free Ni counterpart, with the optimal composition being Ni:Fe = 4:1. Moreover, Ni-Fe alloying enhances the sintering resistance, leading to a decrease in the carbon diameter.

The novel hexagonal-like CoMn₂O₄ electrode material was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method.

The synthesized material had a maximum specific capacitance of 638.8 F/g at 5 mV/s in a 2 M KOH electrolyte.

Electrode material achieved maximum columbic efficiency of 81% and retained 85% of its capacitance after 4000 cycles.

This suggests that the CoMn₂O₄ material could be used in advanced supercapacitor and energy storage applications.

The morphological characteristics and the thermal reliability of n-octadecane@SiO₂ nanocapsule was noticeably improved by optimizing various synthesis parameters in this study. The encapsulation ratio was enhanced up to 54.0%, and the encapsulation efficiency was varied less than 1% during 100 thermal cycles. The heat storage capacity of the synthesized nanocapsule was 59.5% larger than that of water in 20^oC temperature difference.

Ba micro-alloying refined grains of Mg-6Al alloy and generated the Al₁₃Ba₇ phase, thus improved the corrosion resistance and discharge performance.

Transition metal sulfides have been considered a novel anode material for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs). However, their practical applications have been limited by their relatively poor cyclic stabilities and low rate performances. This work synthesized carbon-coated nickel sulfide (NiS) composites with a core-shell structure for high-performance LIBs and SIBs by a solvothermal method.

Here, we report Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THA)-functionalization to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that control the viscosity of the liquid crystal SWCNTs phases for fiber spinning. Enhancement in the free volume of individual SWCNTs affected the formation of nematic liquid crystal phases. The spunned SWCNT fiber with plasticizer exhibited noticeably higher mechanical properties (tensile strength, 1.44 GPa and tensile modulus, 169 GPa) with higher electrical conductivity (1899 S m²/kg). Also, the SWCNT fiber was suitable for zinc-ion supercapacitor from nitrogen functional group for zincophilic site.

Configurations of dc-fast chargers with common ac-bus.

The Fe0.2Ni0.3Cu0.5 (FNC) oxide anode synthesized and graphene oxide (GO) has been incorporated in FCN composite to investigate the effect on conductivity and performance for solid oxide fuel cell working on low temperature. The maximum conductivity and performance have been achieved 43 S/cm and 529 mW/cm², respectively. The obtained results of GO incorporation are higher than that of pure FNC oxide materials. It can be argued that the use of GO in optimized anode materials can dramatically support to reduce the operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cell.

A combined phenomenological artificial neural network approach for determination of pyrolysis and combustion kinetics of PVC.

A flexible solar evaporator CuS-PDA-CF was exploited by a simple self-assembled method. CuS-PDA-CF with the washable characteristic, which can be renewed the photothermal performance by washing off the deposited salts. Due to the synergistic effect of CuS and PDA, the photothermal conversion efficiency of CuS-PDA-CF is improved to 94.49% with a water evaporation rate of 1.50 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under 1-sun illumination. Moreover, CuS-PDA-CF can effectively purify seawater, heavy metal wastewater, and dyeing wastewater.

Cu/Al/Cu₂O composites for photoelectrochemical water-splitting was synthesized by a simple method. The Cu/Al layer that has surface plasmon resonance effect inherits both properties of which Cu has high conductivity to accelerate the transfer of photoinduced electron-hole pairs and Al could form thin Al₂O₃ layer to inhibit the recombination of carriers. With the synergistic effect of Cu and Al, Cu/Al/Cu₂O displays a higher PEC performance.

• A stable TpPa-1@CF anode was fabricated using a solvothermal and drop-casting method.
• TpPa-1@CF considerably improved both the electrochemical activity and cell performance.
• The TpPa-1@CF anode generated 4.3 times the power density than that of the uncoated electrode.
• Stable and improved current density was observed for all five MFC cycles.
• Biofilm was enriched with electroactive microorganisms of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes.

The facilely synthesized bimetallic PbCd nanoparticles high-efficiently electrlcatalyze CO₂-to-HCOOH conversion.

This paper investigates the thermoelectric, magnetization, and magneto-transport properties of Cobalt doped n-type Bi₂Te₃ sample. Cobalt (Co) doping enhances the mobility and power factor of pristine Bi₂Te₃. Around 47% improvement of power factor in Bi_1.9Co_0.1Te₃ sample is observed. Linear positive magnetoresistance confirms that the topological surface state is intact with Co doping.

The ration design and preparation of oxygen-defect rich well-defined three-dimensional flower-like CoMoO₄ (rCMO) nanomaterial have attracted as promising electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. The rCMO nanomaterial significantly increased the electronic conductivity and impressive capacitive performance due to synergistic effects of well-order nanoarchitecture and rich oxygen-defects. Interestingly, the fabricated rCMO nanoflower electrode material presents a considerable specific capacity of 531 mAh g⁻¹ at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹, which is higher than that of pristine CMO of 322 mAh g⁻¹. Furthermore, the designed HSC of rCMO//AC also afforded an excellent energy density of 49.87 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 845.45 kW kg⁻¹ with an impressive long-term cyclic lifetime.

Computational investigation of small scale catalytic auto-thermal reforming with water gas shift for production of hydrogen from liquid hydrocarbon fuels was carried out. The considered process is suitable for use in mobile applications. Thermodynamic and kinetic models were considered. Process scheme for autothermal reforming of diesel constructed in ASPEN Plus with the representation of influence of O₂/carbon ratio on the outlet composition is shown. H₂O - light blue, N₂ - black, H₂ yellow, CO₂

In this article, a dual-function PANI-based gel electrolyte is proposed for fiber-shaped hybrid devices with a twisted structure and a simple fabrication strategy. By utilizing CNT as a porous layer and then ZnO nanowires as the electron transport layer on the anode electrode, the energy storage and photovoltaic performance are improved respectively.

1. A hysteresis-compensated electrical characteristic model is established for terminal voltage tracking.
2. An autoregressive exogenous model with multi-feature coupling is employed for parameter identification.
3. An adaptive moving window-square root unscented Kalman filter is proposed for SOC estimation.
4. The proposed method is adaptive to uncertainties in temperature and cell hysteretic effects.

The platelet-like ZrW₂O₈ NPs synthesized via co-precipitation route for supercapacitor applications

The manuscript entitled “3D two-phase and non-isothermal modeling for PEM water electrolyzer: Heat and mass transfer characteristic investigation” is prepared by Haoran Zhou, Kai Meng, Wenshang Chen, Ben Chen. A three-dimensional, two-phase, non-isothermal proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer model was developed, aiming to reveal water and heat distribution characteristics and to explore the effects of various parameters on heat and mass transfer and performance of the electrolyzer. The results show that the electrolyzer performance depends on the combined effect of heat and mass, especially at high voltages. Decreasing the inlet velocity and increasing its inlet temperature, decreasing the contact angle of A-GDL and properly increasing its porosity, and decreasing the thickness of membrane are all beneficial to improve the performance of PEM water electrolyzer.

Silicon nanowires as potential anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Graphical abstract of proposed study

In this study, ALD Pt/Cu bimetal catalyst for high-performance FC cathode was studied. When sputtered Co 15 s was treated, the performance was improved by 8.5% compared to the untreated sample. This may be because the electron energy changed to favor ORR when Pt and Cu bond. In addition, the use of Cu interfered with Pt surface adsorption and deactivation of oxygen species such as OH, thereby increasing the number of catalytically active sites.

The illustration of visible light driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by using gCN/MoS_2-x-MS_x (M: Ni, Co) heterojunction.

In this paper, biomass was used to prepare activated carbon for CO₂ capture through response surface methodology. The interactions between the activators and their effects on adsorption were investigated. The optimized activation process conditions were obtained.

The combined features of functional electronic devices have attracted significant attention because of high demand for promising energy technologies. Of particular interest are electrochromic (EC) supercapacitors, which can visually display the level of stored energy in real-time. Here, we demonstrate the EC energy storage properties of pure and doped Prussian blue (PB) thin films fabricated using electrodeposition.

Radial division of the DFRm core in the Serpent model

The FLG and GNP based carbon nanofillers is used to improvethe thermal conductivity of CPCM with the increased thermal conductivity by264%. The CPCM with 1 wt% FLG and 2 wt% GNP can play a better cooling effect inLIB module thermal management, and keep the temperature difference within asafe range.

The multi-model SOC fusion estimators are designed to estimate lithium-ion battery SOC for electric vehicles. To validate the proposed fusion estimation algorithm, the performances are evaluated and compared by an experiment.

In the current study, we developed a novel and low-cost HTL based on the doping of polyaniline (PANI) with nickel oxide (NiOx) nanoparticles with hydrophobic property.

In this study, a multi-objective binary version of the atom search optimization algorithm (ASO) is proposed for handling the electric vehicle charging station (CS) location problem. The method integrates quantum operators to binarize the algorithm and achieve a higher convergence rate than the existing binary ASO algorithm. Also, the non-dominated sorting and pareto concepts are infused to optimize the multi-objectives of travel time, CS costs, and power loss. The experimental findings demonstrate that the algorithm is well suited for solving CS placement problems.

1. Anion exchange membranes based on quaternized poly(phenylene) oxide were prepared.
2. Ionic liquids modified carbon nanomaterials improved anion stability.
3. Hydroxide conductivity stability was enhanced.

1. This work represents a PSO-based multi-variable optimization of VRFB storage system power loss for the first time.
2. A combined optimization of VRFB pump power and VRFB stack power has been done under different charge-discharge conditions.
3. The work has been validated by a practical 1 kW 6 kWh VRFB system operation, thus indicating its optimized interfacing with scalable power system applications.

1. Adsorbed Biomethane storage has better performance than Compressed Biomethane storage.
2. Chemically activated carbons has huge enviromental impact then physically activated carbon.
3. Recovery of byproducts in chemical activation can enhance feasibility of process.

Successive valorization of tires pyrolytic oil (TPO) to biofuels over a self-assembly waste derived Ni-W supported zeolite A and X. A distinguished catalytic activity through the high produced yields of 75% gasoline with a low sulfur content (20 ppm), also high yields of diesel 75%.

Hybridized surface modifications are prepared on the polyamide film, which efficiently harvests mechanical energy in various triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) operational modes. Various TENGs operating under different operation modes were fabricated to efficiently harvest wind and vehicle motion energies. The TENG had a stable electrical performance under various environmental conditions and produced high electrical output. The real-time applications of TENGs are unveiled by harvesting wind and vehicle motion energies to power portable electronics and track real-time vehicle motion and acceleration.

MOF nanocomposite by hydrothermal method.

Neutronic core design analysis is discussed for a micro-transportable thermal reactor cooled by He-Xe mixture. An assembly configuration is determined by comparing the estimated core weight of different geometry and material. The utilization of pure beryllium reflector yields a compact design with a core weight of 8.06 metric tons. Analysis of neutronic characteristics reveal that the proposed design can operate for over 10 years without refueling and adequate shutdown margin is guaranteed using reflector sliders as reactivity control means.

A vertical fixed-bed quartz reactor was heated by an electric furnace was used for the CLHG experiments. Three kinds of fuel are selected: air-dried sewage sludge, corncob, and corncob char prepared at 650 °C. Using a wet impregnation technique, a Cu-Fe bimetallic oxygen carrier was synthesized. Because of the high volatile content of the sewage sludge and corncob fuel mixture, a large number of reducing gases were produced early in the FR reaction. The carbon capture rate of OC reduces due to the quick release rate of volatiles and insufficient residence time in the reaction zone. When the mixture of sewage sludge and corncob char was used as fuel, the O₂ from CuO and CuFe₂O₄ promoted the ring-opening dehydrogenation of aromatics in the char and produced large amounts of CO. C molecules directly adsorbed with some lattice O on the perfect surface of CuFe₂O₄ (100) to form CO, requiring less energy. The adjacent activation of oxygen ions was facilitated by C's interaction with metal ions on the surface of OC at the same time. The adsorption of C and OC was improved, the inner O migrated to the surface, and the rate of oxygen removal was sped up when oxygen holes developed on the surface of OC.

Correlations used to represent sorbent performance in carbonate looping include fitting parameters based on experimental data that is, in turn, associated with ±20% measurement error. A stochastic approach was employed to quantify the impact of such uncertainty in sorbent characteristics on the techno-economic performance of a carbonate retrofit. The estimated CO₂ avoided cost was between 29.74 and 46.50 €/tCO₂, with a median of 35.94 €/tCO₂. Such a figure was higher than that obtained in the deterministic assessment (32.40 €/tCO₂). This study revealed that the uncertainty in the sorbent characteristic would influence the techno-economic viability of the carbonate looping retrofits.

ZT of GeSe is significantly enhanced by multiphase. Cu substitution changes the phases in the material and the Cu-rich phases modulate the carrier concentration which results in high ZT.

Anodically generated nanoporous SnO_x with various morphologies

1. Thermophysical properties along with the stability of nanofluid is of paramount importance in heat transfer applications.
2. In the present work a ternary nanofluid of Al2O3-ZnO-MWCNT-EGfor a volume concentration of 0.01%-0.05%is experimentally studied for its thermal conductivity and viscosity.
3. An enhancement in thermal conductivity of 26.6% at 25°C along with a reduction in viscosity of 19.46% at 40°C was observed for maximum volume concentration of 0.05%.

Methane cracking over CoFe₂O₄ supported on SiO₂ and H-ZSM-5 for hydrogen and filamentous carbon production.

This research investigates a simple and cost-effective process for fabricating highly densified GDC interlayers to develop SOFC with high performance and stability. Additional GDC precursors facilitated grain growth and increased the density of the Gd_0.1Ce_0.9O_2-δ interlayer. Densified GDC interlayer applied cell exhibited a maximum power density of approximately 1.11 W/cm² at 650°C, 1.74-fold greater than that of a conventional GDC interlayer-based cell.

Metal-substituted tungsten diboride (W_(1-x)TM_xB2: TM = Ni and Co) as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions.

Solar cell efficiencies for formamidinium mixed halide perovskites.

Amorphous MoS₂/C-dots are prepared by microwave-assisted- hydrothermal method for energy storage application. The high electrochemical performance of MoS₂/C-dots can be attributed to the amorphous MoS₂, presence of some 1T phase, and in-situ-nano-engineering of MoS₂ with C-dots. The specific capacitance of a-MoS2/C-dots was found to be 1368 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ current density with high cyclic stability.

Recirculated hydrogen is considered as carrier gas to optimize efficiency of HT-PEMEC system.

Synthesis of MgH₂ catalyzed by Titanium(IV) Isopropoxide (TTIP). Highly cyclic stable during de/re-hydrogenation up to 60 cycles. Hydrogen storage capacity (~ 5.20 wt%) upto 60 cycles of de/re-hydrogenation.

Highly dispersed single-wall carbon nanotube (HD-SWCNT) thin film is introduced on WO₃ film using ultrasonic spray coating for ultrafast multi-functional electrochemical devices. Uniform grafting of PVPs onto SWCNT induces amicable debundling and functional groups to accelerate electron and Li-ion transport between electrolyte and WO₃ film. Accelerated electron and Li-ion transport into WO₃ film are realized by following two main effects of HD-SWCNT thin film: (a) debundled and continuous morphology for high electrical conductivity and (b) amide and carbonyl groups for enhanced Li-ion wettability.

Synthetic scheme of Li-argyrodite using one-pot versus two-step methods.

Modified opto-electronic and magnetic properties of TiO_x doped monatomic γ-graphyne.

The bimetallic transition metal phosphides were synthesized via a post-synthetic transformation, incorporating new cobalt and nickel cations into the presynthesized amorphous MoP NPs. The Co- and Ni-incorporated MoP NPs preserved their original size and shape, thus the inherent catalytic activity toward HER was directly compared depending on composition. After adding transition metal cations, HER catalytic activity was enhanced due to the modulation of surface electronic structure.

1. Experimental study of hydrogen-oxygen combustion.
2. Computational experiment based on computational fluid dynamics.
3. Evaluation of pressure effects on the efficiency of hydrogen fuel combustion.
4. Objectives of recombination rate of combustion products.

• Interfaces between solid electrolyte and anode/cathode electrodes are addressed. Ga concentration in LGLZO is adjusted to optimize SSLMB performance.
• A spin-coating method is used to fabricate a CSE layer directly on a cathode. An IL interlayer is applied to connect the Li metal electrode and CSE.
• Effects of IL anions on SSLMB properties are investigated.

In this work, we fabricate nanoflake-like cadmium sulfide (CdS) sensitized zinc stannate (Zn₂SnO₄) heterostructure by spray pyrolysis technique and chemical bath deposition. They were investigated for the photoelectrochemical properties. The marginal enhancement of the photocurrent up to 2.2 mA/cm² is obtained with increasing CdS layer thickness. The stability of the Zn₂SnO₄-CdS heterojunction is outstanding up to 300 s.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are recognized as a state-of-the-art technology that generates biochemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. MFCs include a series of metabolizing organic material from wastewater and allow its treatment while providing the opportunity to generate electricity.

The hydrogen leakage features and diagnostic accuracy of optimized model-based approach.