One-pot aprotic solvent-enabled synthesis of superionic Li-argyrodite solid electrolyte
Young Jin Heo
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorSeung-Deok Seo
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorSuk-Ho Hwang
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorSun Hee Choi
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dong-Wan Kim
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence
Dong-Wan Kim, School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorYoung Jin Heo
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorSeung-Deok Seo
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorSuk-Ho Hwang
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorSun Hee Choi
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dong-Wan Kim
School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence
Dong-Wan Kim, School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information: Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning, Grant/Award Numbers: 2018M3D1A1058744, 2022R1A2C3003319; National Research Foundation of Korea; Korea University; Ministry of Education, Grant/Award Number: 2020R1A6A1A03045059
Summary
Li-argyrodite phase Li6PS5Cl is a promising solid electrolyte (SE) with potential applications in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). Conventional SE synthesis methods such as high-energy ball-milling and solid-state synthesis require a significant amount of energy. Consequently, in recent years, several studies have been conducted on developing liquid phase methods for mass-producing SEs. One such liquid phase method uses tetrahydrofuran (THF, an aprotic solvent) and ethanol (EtOH, a protic solvent) to synthesize Li6PS5Cl. However, the synthesized SE contains impurities that are generated by reactions between EtOH and PS43−. In this study, we present a novel one-pot liquid phase method for synthesizing Li6PS5Cl using THF. The synthesized SE had a high ionic conductivity (2.03 mS·cm−1) and low electronic conductivity (7.44 × 10−8 S·cm−1). Notably, it had few impurities and was essentially composed of a single phase. Furthermore, an ASSB cell composed of LiNbO3-coated LiNi0.6Mn0.2CoO2 (NMC622)/Li6PS5Cl/Li-In, which contained the synthesized SE, exhibited a high discharge capacity of 156 mAh·g−1. Therefore, the liquid phase method proposed herein can be used to synthesize SEs, and can help realize mass production and commercialization.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Research data are not shared.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
---|---|
er8324-sup-0001-Supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 8.3 MB | Appendix S1 Supporting Information |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
REFERENCES
- 1K. Liu YL, D. Lin, A. Pei, Y. Cui. Materials for lithium-ion battery safety. Sci Adv. 2018; 4:eaas9820.
- 2Choi JW, Aurbach D. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat Rev Mater. 2016; 1: 16013.
- 3Goodenough JB, Kim Y. Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries. Chem Mater. 2010; 22: 587-603.
- 4Fotouhi A, Auger DJ, Propp K, Longo S, Wild M. A review on electric vehicle battery modelling: from Lithium-ion toward lithium–Sulphur. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016; 56: 1008-1021.
- 5Kerman K, Luntz A, Viswanathan V, Chiang Y-M, Chen Z. Review—practical challenges hindering the development of solid state Li ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 2017; 164: A1731-A1744.
- 6Stoeva Z, Martin-Litas I, Staunton E, Andreev YG, Bruce PG. Ionic conductivity in the crystalline polymer electrolytes PEO6:LiXF6, X = P, as. Sb J Am Chem Soc. 2003; 125: 4619-4626.
- 7Sakuda A, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M. Sulfide solid electrolyte with favorable mechanical property for all-solid-state lithium battery. Sci Rep. 2013; 3:2261.
- 8Kato Y, Hori S, Saito T, et al. High-power all-solid-state batteries using sulfide superionic conductors. Nat Energy. 2016; 1: 16030.
- 9Xu K. Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Chem Rev. 2004; 104: 4303-4418.
- 10Han F, Zhu Y, He X, Mo Y, Wang C. Electrochemical stability of Li10 GeP2 S12 and Li7 La3 Zr2 O12 solid electrolytes. Adv Energy Mater. 2016; 6: 1501590.
- 11Minami K, Mizuno F, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M. Lithium ion conductivity of the Li2S–P2S5 glass-based electrolytes prepared by the melt quenching method. Solid State Ion. 2007; 178: 837-841.
- 12Lee Y, Jeong J, Lee HJ, et al. Lithium Argyrodite sulfide electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and air stability for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. ACS Energy Letters. 2021; 7: 171-179.
- 13Yubuchi S, Uematsu M, Hotehama C, Sakuda A, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M. An argyrodite sulfide-based superionic conductor synthesized by a liquid-phase technique with tetrahydrofuran and ethanol. J Mater Chem A. 2019; 7: 558-566.
- 14Liu Z, Fu W, Payzant EA, et al. Anomalous high ionic conductivity of nanoporous beta-Li3PS4. J Am Chem Soc. 2013; 135: 975-978.
- 15Phuc NHH, Totani M, Morikawa K, Muto H, Matsuda A. Preparation of Li3PS4 solid electrolyte using ethyl acetate as synthetic medium. Solid State Ion. 2016; 288: 240-243.
- 16Wang H, Hood ZD, Xia Y, Liang C. Fabrication of ultrathin solid electrolyte membranes of β-Li3PS4 nanoflakes by evaporation-induced self-assembly for all-solid-state batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2016; 4: 8091-8096.
- 17Xu RC, Xia XH, Yao ZJ, Wang XL, Gu CD, Tu JP. Preparation of Li 7 P 3 S 11 glass-ceramic electrolyte by dissolution-evaporation method for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta. 2016; 219: 235-240.
- 18Calpa M, Rosero-Navarro NC, Miura A, Tadanaga K. Instantaneous preparation of high lithium-ion conducting sulfide solid electrolyte Li7P3S11 by a liquid phase process. RSC Adv. 2017; 7: 46499-46504.
- 19Wang Y, Liu Z, Zhu X, Tang Y, Huang F. Highly lithium-ion conductive thio-LISICON thin film processed by low-temperature solution method. J Power Sources. 2013; 224: 225-229.
- 20Chida S, Miura A, Rosero-Navarro NC, et al. Liquid-phase synthesis of Li6PS5Br using ultrasonication and application to cathode composite electrodes in all-solid-state batteries. Ceram Int. 2018; 44: 742-746.
- 21Zhou L, Park K-H, Sun X, et al. Solvent-engineered design of Argyrodite Li6PS5X (X = cl, Br, I) solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity. ACS Energy Lett. 2018; 4: 265-270.
- 22Choi S, Ann J, Do J, Lim S, Park C, Shin D. Application of rod-like Li6PS5Cl directly synthesized by a liquid phase process to sheet-type electrodes for all-solid-state lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 2018; 166: A5193-A5200.
- 23Lee JE, Park KH, Kim JC, et al. Universal solution synthesis of sulfide solid electrolytes using alkahest for all-solid-state batteries. Adv Mater. 2022; 2200083: 2200083.
- 24Rao RP, Adams S. Studies of lithium argyrodite solid electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries. Phys Status Solidi A. 2011; 208: 1804-1807.
- 25Yubuchi S, Uematsu M, Deguchi M, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M. Lithium-ion-conducting Argyrodite-type Li6PS5X (X = cl, Br, I) solid electrolytes prepared by a liquid-phase technique using ethanol as a solvent. ACS Appl Energy Mater. 2018; 1: 3622-3629.
- 26Huang W, Cheng L, Hori S, et al. Ionic conduction mechanism of a lithium superionic argyrodite in the Li–Al–Si–S–O system. Maters Adv. 2020; 1: 334-340.
- 27Teragawa S, Aso K, Tadanaga K, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M. Preparation of Li2S–P2S5 solid electrolyte from N-methylformamide solution and application for all-solid-state lithium battery. J Power Sources. 2014; 248: 939-942.
- 28Li XL, Jin LB, Song DW, et al. LiNbO3-coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode with high discharge capacity and rate performance for all-solid-state lithium battery. Journal of energy. Chemistry. 2020; 40: 39-45.
- 29Miura A, Rosero-Navarro NC, Sakuda A, et al. Liquid-phase syntheses of sulfide electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium battery. Nat Rev Chem. 2019; 3: 189-198.
- 30Ziolkowska DA, Arnold W, Druffel T, Sunkara M, Wang H. Rapid and economic synthesis of a Li7PS6 solid electrolyte from a liquid approach. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019; 11: 6015-6021.
- 31Arnold W, Buchberger DA, Li Y, Sunkara M, Druffel T, Wang H. Halide doping effect on solvent-synthesized lithium argyrodites Li6PS5X (X= cl, Br, I) superionic conductors. J Power Sources. 2020; 464: 228158.
- 32Ghidiu M, Ruhl J, Culver SP, Zeier WG. Solution-based synthesis of lithium thiophosphate superionic conductors for solid-state batteries: a chemistry perspective. J Mater Chem A. 2019; 7: 17735-17753.
- 33Wang Y, Lu D, Bowden M, et al. Mechanism of formation of Li7P3S11 solid electrolytes through liquid phase synthesis. Chem Mater. 2018; 30: 990-997.
- 34Sakuda A, Takeuchi T, Kobayashi H. Electrode morphology in all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries consisting of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and Li2S-P2S5 solid electrolytes. Solid State Ion. 2016; 285: 112-117.
- 35Shi T, Tu Q, Tian Y, et al. High active material loading in all-solid-state battery electrode via particle size optimization. Adv Energy Mater. 2020; 10: 1902881.
- 36Park KH, Kim DH, Kwak H, et al. Solution-derived glass-ceramic NaI·Na3SbS4 superionic conductors for all-solid-state Na-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2018; 6: 17192-17200.
- 37Dietrich C, Weber DA, Culver S, et al. Synthesis, structural characterization, and lithium ion conductivity of the lithium thiophosphate Li2P2S6. Inorg Chem. 2017; 56: 6681-6687.
- 38Ohara K, Mitsui A, Mori M, et al. Structural and electronic features of binary Li2S-P2S5 glasses. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 21302.
- 39Ohtomo T, Mizuno F, Hayashi A, Tadanaga K, Tatsumisago M. Mechanochemical synthesis of lithium ion conducting glasses and glass–ceramics in the system Li2S–P–S. Solid State Ion. 2005; 176: 2349-2353.
- 40Zhou Y, Doerrer C, Kasemchainan J, Bruce PG, Pasta M, Hardwick LJ. Observation of interfacial degradation of Li 6 PS 5 cl against lithium metal and LiCoO2 via in situ electrochemical Raman microscopy. Batteries Supercaps. 2020; 3: 647-652.
- 41Calpa M, Rosero-Navarro NC, Miura A, Terai K, Utsuno F, Tadanaga K. Formation mechanism of thiophosphate anions in the liquid-phase synthesis of sulfide solid electrolytes using polar aprotic solvents. Chem Mater. 2020; 32: 9627-9632.
- 42Huang B, Yao X, Huang Z, Guan Y, Jin Y, Xu X. Li 3 PO 4 -doped Li 7 P 3 S 11 glass-ceramic electrolytes with enhanced lithium ion conductivities and application in all-solid-state batteries. J Power Sources. 2015; 284: 206-211.
- 43Park KH, Bai Q, Kim DH, et al. Design strategies, practical considerations, and new solution processes of sulfide solid electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries. Adv Energy Mater. 2018; 8: 1800035.
- 44Boulineau S, Courty M, Tarascon J-M, Viallet V. Mechanochemical synthesis of Li-argyrodite Li6PS5X (X=cl, Br, I) as sulfur-based solid electrolytes for all solid state batteries application. Solid State Ion. 2012; 221: 1-5.
- 45Yu C, Ganapathy S, Eck ERHV, et al. Accessing the bottleneck in all-solid state batteries, lithium-ion transport over the solid-electrolyte-electrode interface. Nat Commun. 2017; 8: 1086.
- 46Yamamoto K, Yang S, Takahashi M, et al. High ionic conductivity of liquid-phase-synthesized Li3PS4 solid electrolyte, comparable to that obtained via ball milling. ACS Appl Energy Mater. 2021; 4:2275-2281.
- 47Deiseroth H-J, Kong S-T, Eckert H, et al. Li6PS5X: a class of crystalline Li-rich solids with an unusually high Li+ mobility. Angew Chem. 2008; 120: 767-770.
10.1002/ange.200703900 Google Scholar
- 48Zhang W, Leichtweiß T, Culver SP, et al. The detrimental effects of carbon additives in Li10GeP2S12-based solid-state batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017; 9: 35888-35896.
- 49Choi S, Jeon M, Jung WD, et al. Robust solid-state interface with a deformable glass interlayer in sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries. Solid State Ion. 2020; 346:115217.
- 50Zhang W, Weber DA, Weigand H, et al. Interfacial processes and influence of composite cathode microstructure controlling the performance of all-solid-state lithium batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017; 9: 17835-17845.
- 51Koerver R, Aygün I, Leichtweiß T, et al. Capacity fade in solid-state batteries: interphase formation and Chemomechanical processes in nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes and lithium thiophosphate solid electrolytes. Chem Mater. 2017; 29: 5574-5582.