Current mechanisms of anti-CoV therapeutic strategies. The idea to disturb the normal life cycle of the virus provides significant insights into the clinical treatment strategies. All of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 encode structure proteins (like S protein), nonstructure proteins (eg, PLpro, 3CLpro, RdRp, and helicase), and accessory proteins that are essential for the viral life cycle and that are considered as important targets for the development of antiviral agents. Additionally, enhancement of INF response and several other cell signaling pathways are also regarded as potential anti-CoV strategies.

Oncoproteins or tumor suppressors reprogram mitochondrial function for tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance. Multiple mitochondria targeting reagents have been developed to treating tumors.

Delta variant possesses the L452R and T478K mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), while 15 mutations have been accumulated in the RBD of the Omicron variant. Among these substitutions, a bunch of residues are located nearby the bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.

Metabolic reprogramming is the basis of tumor microenvironment, which consists of cellular and extracellular components. The cellular components are mainly composed of hematopoietic immune cells (For example, TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; TILs, tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes; TADCs, tumor-associated dendritic cells; TANKs, tumor-associated natural killer cells) and resident stromal cells. The extracellular components are mainly composed of extracellular matrix and cell-secreted factors. The interaction between cancer cells and interstitial cells in the tumor microenvironment regulates tumorigenesis and progression.

Immune response in lung tissues after coronavirus infection. When lung tissue is infected with coronavirus, NK cells, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells are recruited to the tissue to produce inflammatory factors and then active CD8 and CD4 T cells for combat coronavirus.

We reported nanobody (Nb) phage display libraries derived from four camels immunized with the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD), from which 381 Nbs were identified to recognize SARS-CoV-2-RBD including several mutants. Nb11-59 exhibited potent antiviral activity against authentic SARS-CoV-2 with 50% neutralizing dose (ND₅₀) of 0.55 μg/ml, and it can be produced on large scale in Pichia pastoris with titers reached 20 g/L. Importantly, Nb11-59 showed a good stability and could be developed as an inhaled drug to treat COVID-19.

Lipid metabolic reprogramming-mediated crosstalk between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment contributes to cancer progression. Stromal cells, such as adipocyte, CAF, epithelia cells contribute to lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. Cancer cells undergo lipid metabolism rewiring to generate building materials for membrane, lipid second messenger and energy supply. Cancer cells can also secret lipid metabolites to affect immune cell functions, creating a tumor-favoring immune microenvironment.

In the global COVID-19 pandemic, multiomics-based strategies have been applied into the surveillance of newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants and the study of diagnostic methods, risk factors, and pathological features of COVID-19, which will contribute to the prevention and control of this pandemic.

Clinicians have been faced with the challenge of differentiating between severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected pneumonia (NCP) and influenza A infected pneumonia (IAP). We developed a machine-learning algorithm based on radiomics to distinguish NCP fromIAP by texture analysis based on computed tomography (CT) imaging. Eight of 56 radiomic features extracted by LIFEx were selected to develop a radiomics score and subsequently constructed into a nomogram to predict NCP. The novel nomogram may efficiently distinguish between NCP and IAP patients.

Advances on the key signal pathways involved in pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the mechanism of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry into the cell, the progress of EBV vaccine and screening biomarkers, and the development of therapeutic approaches were presented.

Nasal spray vaccines and therapeutics can be a potent alternative for COVID-19 management. The latest developments of nasal sprays either as repurposed or antiviral formulations were presented. Inherent challenges that hinder effective intranasal delivery were discussed in detail, which included nasal device issues and human nose physiological complexities. The need to develop an effective delivery system to target formulations at the ACE2-rich regions is particularly pressing in the context of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants that evade current vaccines and develop resistance to existing therapies.