This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and current understanding of the mechanisms of COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction are complex and likely multifactorial. Infection of sustentacular cells and associated mucosal inflammation may be the culprit of acute, transient smell loss, whereas olfactory receptor neuron dysfunction, olfactory bulb injury, and alterations in the olfactory cortex may lead to persistent, long-term olfactory dysfunction.

Brain cancer survival rates are among the lowest of all cancers, with very little improvement having been achieved over the past two decades. In this position paper, a multidisciplinary group of brain tumour experts has investigated the current neuro-oncology research landscape in the United Kingdom to highlight challenges and make UK-specific recommendations on how to address them. The findings are structured around seven key priorities and three cross-cutting themes, pertinent to global neuro-oncology research but described in the specific context of the United Kingdom.

The immune-related molecule Serpina3n/SERPINA3 is dysregulated in people affected by system inflammation, normal ageing, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and CNS trauma. Recent preclinical data increasingly indicate the importance of Serpina3n/SERPINA3 in neuropathology. The ‘good’ or ‘bad’ aspects of Serpina3n/SERPINA3-related pathology are hypothesised to depend on the cellular sources and/or disease/injury types. Therefore, tissue or cell-specific tools are necessary to decipher its roles in different CNS disease models.

A machine learning-based application automatically performs morphometric and spatial analyses with whole slide images of biopsied sural nerves.

In this clinicopathological case series of former Australian rugby code players, four of six had post mortem CTE-NC. All met current diagnostic criteria for TES and had multiple pathologies at post mortem. Future studies are needed to improve the specificity of the TES consensus diagnostic criteria for predicting the presence of CTE-NC, and we encourage future researchers to report all neuropathological comorbidities clearly in their clinicopathological studies.

Epilepsy-surgery specimens from TSC as well as FCD2B brain lesions showed an overexpression of EGFR. Interestingly, when primary patient-derived cells from tuber, SEGA or FCD2B were treated with the EGFR inhibitor afatinib, a decrease in cell viability and proliferation was observed.

Hirano bodies (HBs) in the posterior hippocampus were systematically evaluated in a cohort of 193 patients with major neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Three morphological types of HBs were identified in the CA1: classic rod-shaped HB (CHB), balloon-shaped HB (BHB) and string-shaped HB (SHB), the latter being newly discovered. The prevalence of each HB type differed among disease groups, indicating associations between HB and various neurodegenerative diseases, with distinct morphological types evident across pathologies.