Liquid biopsy is considered an emerging tool able to integrate conventional tissue specimens for molecular analysis and FDG-PET results to evaluate residual minimal disease and early detection of chemorefractory patients. A combined approach with liquid biopsy may integrate FDG-PET results in order to evaluate residual disease for the early identification of chemorefractory cHL patients.

Urinary tract cytology plays a vital role in diagnosing and managing urothelial carcinoma, particularly in identifying conventional HGUC. However, recognizing variant features in cytology specimens can be challenging, and caution should be exercised.

Although not formally validated on cytology specimens, cytopathologists are increasingly being asked to assess the expression of PD-L1 in NSCLC to select patients for treatment with PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors. PD-L1 staining and quantitation on cytology samples is feasible, provided that appropriate protocols and validation studies are in place. PD-L1 image analysis algorithms can improve scoring consistency. Digital pathology combined with multiplex immunofluorescence (IF)/IHC assays could be a powerful tool for PD-L1 assessment. Cytological samples can be a reliable source for PD-L1 IHC analysis and have the potential to be used with new approaches, such as digital pathology and multiplex assays.

Understanding the applications of immunocytochemistry, molecular testing, and digital cytopathologic techniques for detection, confirmation, subtyping and theragnosis metastatic breast carcinoma in cytology is necessary for a comprehensive cytologic assessment.

This review summarizes the applications of immunocytochemistry—detection of carcinoma cells, confirmation of breast primary, assessment of surrogate immunostains and theragnostic biomarkers, with discussion on potential diagnostic pitfalls, followed by the application of molecular tests and digital cytopathologic techniques for assessing metastatic breast carcinoma in cytology.

This systematic review highlights the utility of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in detecting fungus and its typing with a special focus on future application in fungal cytology. The basics of AI have been touched upon in brief.

The study retrospectively evaluated cytology specimens of the upper urinary tract (UUT) based on The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytopathology, second edition (TPS 2.0). TPS 2.0 can reliably identify high-grade urothelial carcinoma in the UUT, while the detection of low-grade urothelial carcinoma remains a challenge.

All types of cytology fluid samples provide good-quality DNA for predictive biomarker testing on lung cancer patients on an in-house platform. A stepwise method for testing is demonstrated.

Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) is a method of assessing tissue samples during an Endobronchial Ultrasound Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) procedure. We aimed to investigate the impact of ROSE on the length of the lung cancer pathway and the number of passes per malignant and non-malignant sites.

Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) is a method used during Endobronchial Ultrasound Transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) procedures to provide instant feedback on sample adequacy and a provisional cytomorphological diagnosis. This allows cases to be discussed at lung cancer multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings rapidly, significantly reducing the length of the lung cancer diagnostic pathway.

On grading endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNA smears from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas using a three-tier grading system, it was found that tumours often exhibited multiple grades. Accordingly, tumours were assigned primary, secondary and tertiary grades. Subsequently, grade scores were calculated by summing the grades.

In this study, an alternative system of grading pancreatic adenocarcinomas using fine-needle aspiration cytology has been explored. This will hopefully help in the management of these tumours.

A standardized protocol using fluorescent probes (H₂DCFDA, MitoTracker Red and ThiolTracker Violet) was developed to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in exfoliated oral cells.

This article presents a standardized protocol for assessing oxidative stress markers in exfoliated oral cells, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and reduced glutathione (GSH).

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive, high proliferating B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cytological examination of body fluids facilitates rapid diagnosis of BL and enables clinicians to provide timely intervention of tumour lysis syndrome.

Cases of metaplastic pleomorphic adenoma can be diagnostically challenging. Many of these cases fall into the Milan system's SUMP category, and some may be misdiagnosed. The author shows a case of pleomorphic adenoma with extensive squamous and mucinous metaplasia and a novel MALAT1::PLAG1 fusion.

The cytomorphological features of pilomyxoid astrocytoma recapitulate their histopathological characteristics. The presence of monomorphic piloid cells, angiocentric arrangement, myxoid background, absence of Rosenthal fibres and eosinophilic granular bodies helps to arrive at an accurate cytomorphological diagnosis of PMA.

A microorganism which is an oral cavity commensal, not commonly infective in immunocompetent, rarely shows bone involvement, show splendore hoeppli phenomenon, GMS and PAS stains help for diagnosis. Is it bacteria or fungi?

Actinomycosis in immunocompetent individuals is rare. Bone involvement in cervicofacial actinomycosis is uncommon. Cytopathology examination may help in early diagnosis and efficient management.

The cytological features of the hobnail variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma may be subtle. It is important to recognize this variant because it may influence the corresponding surgical treatment and follow-up due to its aggressive nature.

The hobnail subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma is a rare entity with aggressive features. It presents extrathyroidal extension or lymph nodal metastasis in a high percentage of the cases.

Myelomatous meningitis diagnosed by CSF cytology.

The combined use of cytology with immunocytochemistry can identify the presence of multiple myeloma cells in cerebrospinal fluid specimens.

The co-existence of granulomatous mastitis and collagenous spherulosis in a breast lump is an uncommon finding. The awareness of cytomorphological features can help corroborate a cytological diagnosis.

A palpable breast lump in an elderly female warrants urgent attention and fine needle aspiration is a rapid, reliable method of evaluation. An elderly female with a firm breast lump mimicking malignancy was subjected to fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Smears showed ill-formed granulomas, inflammatory cells and homogeneous hyaline stromal globular elements intermingled with the benign ductal epithelial and myoepithelial cells.

Primary FNA diagnosis of brown tumour is challenging because overlapping of cytomorphologic features with other giant cell lesions. Clinical information, imaging and laboratory tests benefits the correct diagnosis.

Purple book for WHO reporting for lymph node cytopathology - 2023. Lymph node cytopathology reporting system may use standardized nomenclature and usage of the terminologies harmonizing with the WHO Blue Book on hematolymphoid tumors.