Algae for biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels. Copyright: toa555@AdobeStock

This research critically reviews one of the passive enhancement techniques, corrugation. Heat transfer enhancement, pressure drop, and thermal performance factors (TPFs) from existing literature were examined for thermal analysis, whereas formulations were used to undertake economic analysis of corrugation. Future recommendations for corrugation and other passive enhancement techniques have been proposed.

This review examines thermal conversion processes of microalgae into biochar, emphasizing processes like pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, and torrefaction. It highlights microalgae's advantages and examines biochar properties, economic feasibility, and applications. It addresses challenges and provides insights for advancing biochar production, contributing to sustainable energy research.

Metal-containing materials have been widely utilized as catalysts in biodiesel production. Metals can be used to prepare acid, base, or acid–base bifunctional catalysts, providing a more versatile process for converting a wide variety of high and low-quality raw materials. These promising benefits have encouraged researchers to dedicate much effort to synthesizing efficient catalysts based on metallic elements. This paper aims to comprehensively discuss the different functions of metallic elements in catalyzing the esterification and transesterification reactions, explicitly focusing on reusability and optimized reaction conditions and their relationship with the structure.

Following introduction in section 1, the section 2 of this review describes on background of deep eutectic solvents. Section 3 deals with the mechanism on the reaction between the components of biomass with DES. Section 4 discusses on value added products obtained from agricultural waste residues using various types of DES. Section 5 highlights on the challenges and future perspectives and finally the review paper is concluded with section 6.

Exploring the bioactive potential of kānuka (Kunzea ericoides), this review evaluates its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties linked to phenolic and terpenoid compounds. The impact of extraction methods on bioactivity highlights kānuka's therapeutic and industrial potential.