This analysis identified associations between the fecal microbiome of mothers during pregnancy and offspring at ages 3-6 months, 1 and 3 years with childhood asthma phenotypes. Associations were identified between maternal microbiome diversity and taxa with offspring asthma. Results suggest that dysbiosis associated with cesarean section birth increases early asthma risk.

This study investigates the effect of fish-oil supplementation during pregnancy on newborn dry blood spot metabolomics profiles in the COPSAC birth cohorts. The furan fatty acid metabolite CMPF was identified as top biomarker of the fish-oil supplementation. Increasing newborn CMPF level was associated with decreased risk of infections and asthma in both cohorts. CMPF, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan propanoic acid; COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies of Asthma in Childhood; RTC, randomized controlled trial.Abbreviations: CMPF, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan propanoic acid; COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies of Asthma in Childhood; RTC, randomized controlled trial

We applied single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing on immune-cells enriched from skin biopsies and matched blood samples of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis patients. We uncovered disease specific Th2/Th22 and Th17/Tc17 sub-populations in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, respectively, and associated their numbers with severity scores in both diseases. The disease specific signatures contributed to the hallmarks of type-2 and type-3 inflammatory signatures and were associated with disease activitiesAbbreviations: DC, dendritic cell; TCR, T-cell receptor; Th, T-helper cell; Tc17, T-cytotoxic 17 cell

This long-term open-label follow-up study evaluates the differences in the milk allergen component-specific Ig levels relative to the long-term outcomes of milk OIT. The baseline Ig profiles and responses to milk OIT differ depending on long-term milk consumption; lower casein sIgE levels are associated with better outcome. sIgG4/IgE ratio distinguishes the long-term OIT outcome at early timepoints. Higher casein IgA is associated with high-milk dose in the long-term phase.Abbreviations: OIT, oral immunotherapy; Ig, immunoglobulin; sIg, specific immunoglobulin; kUA/L, kilounits of allergen-specific IgE per liter; T, time point

This study described the development of an experimental model for EoE using skin sensitization followed by intraesophageal challenges of oxazolone. Experimental EoE recapitulates the major clinical features of human disease, including epithelial cell proliferation, intraepithelial eosinophilia, fibrosis, and marked transcriptional resemblance to human EoE. Il13ra1^−/− mice are completely protected from EoE demonstrating that the type 2 IL-4 receptor (i.e., IL-13Rα1) has a critical role in the pathogenesis of EoE.Abbreviations: EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis; IL-4Rα, interleukin 4 receptor α; IL-13α1, interleukin 13 receptor α1; JAK, Janus kinase

This report provides a comprehensive description of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and laboratory testing trends among large cohort of patients diagnosed with alpha-gal syndrome in the United States. Eighty six percent reported a history of tick bite, and 75% met the criteria for anaphylaxis based on the involvement of more than 2 organ systems. Patients reporting dairy reactions were significantly less likely to report isolated mucocutaneous symptoms (3% vs. 24%) than those who tolerated dairy and were more likely to report gastrointestinal symptoms (79% vs. 59%).Abbreviation: AGS, alpha-gal syndrome

The prevalence of peanut extract sensitization, defined as IgE≥0.35 kUA/L, is 5.4%, 8.0%, 7.5%, and 6.2% at 4, 8, 16, and 24 years of age, respectively. Most individuals with peanut sensitization at 24 years of age are sensitized to peanut extract already at 4 and 8 years. Individuals with sensitization to storage protein in peanut and/or tree nut at 24 years of age have higher levels of exhaled nitric oxide and blood eosinophils, both in asthmatics and non-asthmatics, compared to individuals with other types of sensitization.Abbreviations: Ara h 2, Arachis hypogea 2, peanut allergen molecule; BAMSE, Barn/Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology; FeNo, exhaled nitric oxide; IgE, immunoglobulin E; kU_A/L, kilounits of allergen specific sIgE-ab per liter; MMP10, Matrix metalloproteinase-10; NPX, normalized protein expression; TNFRSF11, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 11

A novel human ex vivo GI tissue-based PCIS model was developed to study IgE-mediated food allergy. PCIS were generated using healthy, non-inflamed tissue from children. Passively sensitized PCIS displayed allergen-specific responses including mediator release and smooth muscle contractions which correlated with the clinical reactivity of the plasma donor. Antihistamines and plasma from patients who underwent successful oral immunotherapy suppressed contraction responses.Abbreviations: GI, gastrointestinal; OIT, oral immunotherapy; PCIS, precision cut intestinal slices; SMCs, smooth muscle cells

This analysis identifies associations between the fecal metabolome at ages 3–6 months, 1 and 3 years with food allergy and/or sensitization. Fecal metabolites including bile acids, sphingolipids, and caffeine metabolites are associated with food allergy/sensitization. Results suggest that breast-milk derived intestinal caffeine may impact other fecal metabolites and thereby be associated with risk of food allergy/sensitization.

Allergic sensitization, especially to aeroallergens, is extensively associated with tonsillar transcriptomics. Aeroallergen sensitized subjects were characterized by increased expression of cytokines, such as IL-17, and chemokines.Abbreviations: CXCL, C-X-C motif ligand; DEG, differentially regulated genes; IL, interleukin; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MUC, mucin; RNA-seq, RNA sequencing