HG patients have increased levels of CD3 + T cells, IgM + and IgG + memory B cells and reduced number of IgA + and IgG + memory B cells compared to infected healthy controls. Expression of transcription factor STAT1 correlates to downstream antiviral genes and inflammatory cytokine CXCL10 in several blood cell types from healthy and infected individuals. RV-infection leads to increased peripheral CD14 + monocyte number in the blood and RV RNA can be detected in CD14 + monocytes from infected control subjects and HG patients. Abbreviations: CXCL10, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10; HG, hypogammaglobulinemia; IFITM1, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1; MX1, interferon--induced GTP-binding protein Mx1; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RV, rhinovirus; STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1

Among Korean adolescents aged from 12 to 18 years old, 6.7% and 2.7% currently use conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, respectively and 2.9% ever used heated tobacco products. The use of conventional cigarette, electronic cigarette, and heated tobacco product, respectively and in combination increases the risk of allergic rhinitis and asthma in Korean adolescents. The use of heated tobacco product especially enhances the impact of conventional cigarettes on allergic rhinitis and asthma.

Peer-led interventions give clinically important improvements in quality of life. Most other trials are feasibility or pilot studies. Studies for food allergy, rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis are required.

cHK levels in nl-C1-INH-HAE patients are higher than controls in absence of protease inhibitors. Pathogenesis of nl-C1-INH-HAE moves through an unbalanced control of kallikrein activity, with bradykinin as most likely mediator. VEGFs and Ang1 seem to participate in the pathophysiology of U-HAE increasing the basal vascular permeability. Frequency of angioedema location during attacks differ in the FXII-HAE, ANGPT1-HAE and U-HAE cohorts. Abreviations: angiopoietin 1; ANGP1-HAE, hereditary angioedema due to mutations in angiopoietin 1; cHK, cleaved high molecular weight kininogen; FXII-HAE, hereditary angioedema due to mutation in factor XII; nl-C1-INH-HAE, hereditary angioedema with normal C1-INH activity; U-HAE, hereditary angioedema of unknown origin; VEGFs, vascular endothelial growth factors

This study evaluates the ability of an intranasal nanoemulsion-based vaccine to induce long-term modulation of allergic reactions in a mouse model of cow's milk allergy. Intranasal immunization with nanoemulsion adjuvant suppresses Th2 responses and anaphylaxis. The sustained unresponsiveness of at least 16 weeks after vaccination suggests that the nanoemulsion vaccine alters the allergic phenotype.

This study investigated the role of acid sphingomyelinase (Asm) in allergic bronchial asthma. Asm deficiency resulted in reduced T_H2 cytokine release both in vitro and in vivo. In the ovalbumin model, ASM^−/− mice were protected from bronchial asthma, showed decreased production of T_H2 cytokines and lower number of eosinophils.

Abbreviations: Asm, acid sphingomyelinase; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; OVA, ovalbumin

Genetic manipulation or pharmacological inhibition of the CSF1-CSF1R signaling pathway suppresses allergen sensitization and lowers the production of allergen-specific serum IgE. Inhibition of the CSF1-CSF1R pathway reverses established chronic allergic inflammation and airway remodeling. Intranasal delivery of CSF1R inhibitor carrying nanoprobes has efficacy and shows favorable pharmacokinetics without significant adverse effects. CSF1, colony stimulating factor 1