• Telocytes (TCs) are a novel and peculiar interstitial cell type with a small cellular body, extremely long cell processes called telopodes and a wide distribution in numerous tissues.
• TCs build three-dimensional integrated networks and thus might play roles in nervous tissue functions.
• Better characterisation of exact nature of contacts between TCs and neighbouring cells in nervous tissue is required.

In contrast to blood cancers, solid tumours have largely proven refractory to CAR-based immunotherapy. Obstacles include the lack of tumour-specific targets, difficulty in entry and infiltration of tumour deposits and the myriad of immunosuppressive factors that operate within the tumour microenvironment. We also consider various host cell types for CAR engineering that have been proposed as alternatives to conventional T-cells.

Graphical Headlights

• Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) released from pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) are enriched in pancreatic juice (PJ).
• PJ-derived sEVs are promising for the early diagnosis of PDAC.
• PJ-derived sEVs could be promising therapeutic targets.

• Gut microbiome dysbiosis is a recognized critical factor in IBD pathogenesis.
• Therapeutic strategies that contribute to the restoration of gut microbial homeostasis have been studied in IBD which includes antibiotics, pre-/pro-/synbiotics and faecal microbiota transplant (FMT).
• Gut microbiome–based therapeutics have been reported to have some benefits in IBD, such as improving symptoms, attenuating mucosal inflammation, and increasing rates of clinical remission.

• Treg/B cells attenuated the inflammation, reduced liver fibrosis, and changed faecal microbial diversities in the PBC animal model.
• Treg/B cells modulated the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells partially through the CTLA-4 pathway.
• Treg/B cells might be a potential therapy for autoimmune liver disease.

This short communication describes a rare case of an antiphospholipid syndrome patient who progressed to extranodal marginal zone lymphomas following the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination. The patient carried a novel heterozygous mutation in the TNFAIP3 gene which encoded A20, a key molecule controlling NF-κB signalling. This variation led to the production of a loss-of-function A20 Lys148fs*67, which lost the ability to inhibit inflammation.

• A systematic overview of technical considerations in developping urine biomarkers.
• Seven classes of urine biomarkers are summarised for bladder cancer detection and monitoring.
• Highlight of limitations and future improvements.