This study mainly focused on the comparison among different classical rainfall interpolation approaches. (1) By taking the Var catchment which has obviouly elevation variation (from 0 to 3000 m) as an example, six interpolation methods have been assessed through cross-validation approach and further applied for a distributed hydrological simulation to represent the hydro-process in this catchment. (2) The assessment approach presented in this study can be considered as technical reference for the future modeling work of hydrological simulation.

This study evaluated the flood risk in Metro Manila, focusing on Manila, Marikina and Parañaque by integrating social vulnerability and hazard indices. It provides valuable insights for disaster management planners and policymakers, enabling the development of targeted strategies for sustainable urban river management and flood risk reduction in rapidly urbanizing river basins. The methodology presented can be applied to other urban areas facing similar flood risks.

This study investigates the socio-ecological impacts of the artificial course change of the Kolong River in Kahargaon village, Nagaon district. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates field observations, stakeholder interviews, community forums, and secondary data analysis to assess the river's dynamics and its effects on local livelihoods and ecosystems. Findings reveal that while flood mitigation efforts have provided immediate relief, they have also led to ecological degradation and disrupted traditional livelihoods, particularly those dependent on the river's natural flow.