The efficacy of immunotherapy is often affected by tumor heterogeneity. The noninvasive molecular imaging can also monitor the treatment response of tumors, and achieve personalized response assessment, which may lead to perfected clinical management, development of individualized treatments, and reliable prognosis at last. This article reviews recent researches in immunotherapy response assessment, immune T cell imaging, immune checkpoint imaging, and radiomics/radiogenomics in immunotherapy. So far, these studies are primarily exploratory preclinical imaging, and preliminary results indicate that biomarker molecular imaging may play a role in the assessment of immunotherapy, and the principle of selecting patients for immunotherapy based on imaging results is feasible.

This review introduces intravital imaging of the liver, including microscopic optical imaging technologies, window models and optical labeling methods, describing how intravital imaging provides movement behavior and functional information of different immune cells in the liver and exhibiting recent advances in intravital optical imaging of liver diseases. We believe this review can be a useful resource for comprehending and uncovering the dynamic process and spatiotemporal information of immune response in a living microenvironment.