This illustration captures the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from various regions of the brain, resembling stars scattered across a starry night. These tiny, cell-derived vesicles are vital players in regulating both normal and pathological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). While scientists have successfully collected brain-derived EVs (bdEVs) from brain tissue, a comprehensive “bdEV Atlas” representing various brain regions is yet to be established. To bridge this knowledge gap, researchers separated EVs from eight different anatomical brain regions within a single individual and conducted in-depth characterizations, including particle count, size, and morphology, as well as analysis of their protein and RNA content.

This illustration shows the remarkable capability of AIEgens to selectively illuminate abnormal cells in vivo for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review not only presents how various biomolecule-responsive AIEgens achieve selective responses to them for theranostics of diseases but also demonstrates how these superb AIEgens are ingeniously designed. Finally, this review outlines promising directions for future research, aiming at inspiring the development of biomolecul-responsive systems that can be applied in disease theranostics.

In this review, we discuss existing evidences, current challenges and future promises for the translational application of the lung microbiome as a potential novel biomarker and therapeutic target for risk assessment and prevention, endophenotyping, treatment, progression monitoring, and prognosis prediction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In this mini-review, we critically explore the design schemes, chemical strategies for wet adhesion, and biomedical applications of multifunctional polymeric hydrogel patches. We also discuss the potential future of these bioactive 3D constructs in tissue engineering and drug delivery. The accompanying graphical abstract highlights the multifunctional nature of emerging hydrogel patches and displays their potential applications.

This review highlights critical strategies to improve the yields and functionalize small extracellular vesicles as well as their promising performance in diabetic wound managements. Furthermore, it provides the meaningful guidance for future applications of engineered sEVs in the management of diabetic wounds.

This review systematically summarized the catalytic activity of nanozymes and their applications in clinical biomarker assays combined with colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical and point of care (POC) assays.

This review has demonstrated the advancement of nanotechnology in treating cardiac fibrosis by enabling the feature selective drug delivery to the specific cells/tissues of interest. With this cell/tissue specific delivery of therapeutic regimens, both efficacy cancer be improved, and non-specific localization-mediated toxicities can be controlled.

This review presents a systematic overview on the theranostic applications of biomolecule-responsive AIEgens based on four representative types, including enzymes, reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species and biological thiols. In each section, we select representative examples and provide detailed elucidation of the associated design strategies, discuss their responsive mechanisms towards different biomolecules and present the corresponding diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Finally, we provide an outlook on this research area.

This review provides a holistic summary of recent interdisciplinary strategies of the capture and application of biomarkers to blend real-world clinical decision-making with material science. Firstly, recent technologies facilitating the capture and release of biomarkers leveraging their physicochemical properties are introduced. Then, we summarize the clinical application of biomarkers, highlighting their potential for providing comprehensive clinical information. Later, the incorporation of machine learning is also emphasized for enhancing clinical applications and enabling deeper insights in the design of next-generation isolation platforms. Finally, future opportunities are explored by combining advanced nanotechnologies and artificial intelligence.

Fiber optics have been successfully used to develop in vitro, wearable, and implanted biosensors, exhibiting high potential in precision medicine from the diagnosis in vitro to therapy in vivo.

Workflow for brain-derived EV (bdEV) enrichment and characterization from different brain regions. bdEVs from 8 brain regions were separated by collagenase digestion, differential centrifugation, and size exclusion chromatography. After separation, bdEVs were characterized by particle count, imaging, protein phenotyping and small RNA sequencing.