The central dogma of Molecular Biology has shortcomings that need revision: (i) metabolism is the next step of the information flow, (ii) metabolism has the predominant role (thereby the hierarchy of actors should be flipped upside down) and (iii) metabolism feedbacks on DNA by means of reactive oxygen species.

The excision of introns may be affected by different mechanisms, which all lead to the retention of an intron in the final mRNA. As demonstrated in recent reports, intron retention is employed not only to regulate gene expression output but is also found to be deregulated in disease.

Hirano et al. showed that the antigen receptor VLRC is expressed on a third lymphocyte lineage, which may be equivalent to the γδ T-cell lineage. The existence of three major lymphocyte lineages and their development patterns suggest that these cell lineages were present in the common vertebrate ancestor approximately 500 million years ago.

During blood vessel development, endothelial cells first coalesce into cord-like structures that must transition into tubes containing a central lumen in order to become functional transporters of blood throughout the body. The diverse mechanisms by which vessels form lumens will be discussed in the following review.

Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PtdIns5P), through the dynamic localization of lipid kinases and phosphatases, can be found in distinct sub-cellular compartments. PtdIns5P recruits effector proteins mediating specific cellular functions such as trafficking, cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics, and intranuclear processes.

We propose that all organisms express both innate and adaptive/acquired immunity. Acquired immune manifestations vary between species, but all use recognition molecules not directly encoded in the inherited genome, and all serve a similar function – allowing individuals to learn from their own immune experience, thus promoting species survival.

DNA damage has since long been suspected to be a major cause of aging. Here, I will discuss the dual role of genome maintenance systems in providing DNA sequence variation in the germline as the substrate for evolution and mediating DNA damage-induced aging phenotypes in the soma.

Based on the fact that distinct mechanisms determine different organ left-right (LR) patterning in an uncoupled way, we hypothesize that other critical factors in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) may coordinate with Nodal to regulate heart LR asymmetry patterning during LR patterning, and this can be evaluated by our proposed model.

To understand the link between circadian rhythm regulation and mood disorders requires unification of data and tools across multiple levels of inquiry, from DNA variation, cellular pathways, neural circuits, their dynamics and plasticity, to behavioral outcomes. The circadian-mood connection provides an exceptional opportunity to pursue cross-level integrated analyses.

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is growing. Opinions diverge regarding to what extent our policies enable this. Metagenomics allow new insights into the question. Available data show large differences between countries in resistance potential of human gut microbes, consistent with statistics of antibiotic use in food production and medicine.