The article describes the merits and limitations of current approaches for cervical screening, focusing on future developments that should allow a better specificity in the identification of clinically important precancerous lesions. HPV DNA, RNA and biomarker tests are discussed, alongside their ability to stratify disease according to severity and to help locate its position at colposcopy.

Despite several reviews on the cytologic diagnosis of soft tissue tumors, the role of cytological examinations compared to histological examination in evaluating soft tissue tumors remains controversial. This review discussed the role and value of FNAC in the evaluation and treatment of soft tissue tumors.

The present study describes the cytomorphological spectrum of clear cell sarcoma of soft parts in a series of 16 cases. Immunohistochemical stains are necessary and molecular testing is helpful in reinforcing a diagnosis in some cases, which has treatment implications.

The new IECC classification of endocervical adenocarcinomas (EA) is based on tumor HPV-status. HPV testing of cervical smears allows the cytology samples presenting with a high grade glandular lesion to be divided into two groups: (1) robust diagnosis of HPV-associated EA and (2) non-HPV associated glandular lesions of heterogeneous origin requiring further clinical preoperative diagnostic workup.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection in women but the mechanisms behind its pathogenesis and recurrence are not clearly understood. This first study investigating the association between BV and autoimmune antibodies found BV to be more frequent in autoimmune antibody positive women. The authors recommend further studies to determine if autoimmunity increases the risk of BV, or if BV is a risk factor for autoantibody positivity.

This study assessing interobserver agreement between pathologist, pulmonologist and molecular pathologist for the tumor burden in ROSE smears reaches the following conclusions: a trained pulmonologist can reliably identify malignancy and estimate tumor burden in ROSE smears; estimation of tumor burden is easier in smears prepared from lymph nodes than from pulmonary nodules; correct estimation of tumor burden in ROSE smears improves specimen triage for molecular profiling.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts in pancreatic ductal brush cytological specimens could be distinguished from the normal fibrous stroma by large nuclear size (over 10.22 µm) and prominent nucleoli. Cancer-associated fibroblasts were a powerful cytological finding for the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

In this retrospective study we compared the sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values malignancy rates, and accuracy between two cytopathologists who evaluated thyroid nodules. There was a similar frequency of use of all thyroid Bethesda system categories with the exception of category 3, and as a consequence, the malignancy rate was different in this category.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is commonly diagnosed on biopsy or fine needle aspiration but it is very rarely reported in fluid cytology. However, this tumor can be easily diagnosed and confirmed from the cytosmears of serous effusion samples.

Gray zone lymphoma (GZL) is a rare B-cell lymphoma with features intermediate between diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. The fine-needle cytology of a GZL observed in a cervical lymph node is described and compared to the corresponding histological features. This case highlights the cytological and histological diagnostic difficulties and the need of a timely and accurate diagnosis.

A rare case of synchronous metastatic lung adenocarcinoma to the thyroid gland, diagnosed on routine fine-needle aspiration cytology, is described. The combined use of morphological features associated with immunocytochemical analysis on smeared specimens as well as on cell-block material, is a feasible tool to achieve a definitive diagnosis and it also permits determination of the required biomarkers.

Diagnosing inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) on cytology remains challenging, and the cytological features of IMT have been reported only in a limited number of studies to date. Two cases are described which were unexpected clincially. IMT in urine cytology has not previously been reported and IMT in the urogenital tract is very rare.

The cytological features of synchronous mucinous signet-ring cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix have not been reported before. A case is described to emphasise that these two distinct carcinoma types can occur simultaneously in a high-risk HPV infected cervix.

Venous leiomyoma is an extremely rare entity. A case of femoral vein leiomyoma accurately diagnosed pre-operatively based on fine needle aspiration cytology supplemented by immunocytochemistry.

Ascitic fluid involvement by mediastinal T lymphoblastic lymphoma is very unusual. These cases can easily be differentiated from their morphological mimickers with the help of immunocytochemistry or flow cytometry on the fluid sample. T lymphoblastic lymphoma can present with superior vena cava syndrome which needs an early diagnosis for accurate management.

This report describes a case of appendiceal adenocarcinoma presenting as an appendiceal mucocele which was diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology despite biopsies being non-diagnostic.