Resting-state functional connections that predict more sleep (left) and less sleep (right) in the Human Connectome Project and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study datasets.

Bayesian achievement group contrasts for all three fMRI task contrasts.

In this article, we propose a novel Bayesian tensor response regression method for investigating voxel-level longitudinal changes in neuroimaging data. The proposed method makes use of low-rank tensor decomposition to reduce dimensionality and respect spatial contiguity across voxels, and pools information across voxels and longitudinal visits to allow for subject-level inference. Using simulated and real datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed method allows for greater predictive performance and feature selection than routinely used voxel-wise regression approaches.

Our analysis shows that integration occupies more compact lower entropy 2D latent space manifold compared with segregation on the whole brain level. This points towards the role of integration as a data compression process in the brain that together with segregation orchestrates flexible cognition.

Yu et al., examined morphological connectivity differences in Alzheimer's disease using the R2SN approach. Those findings link these differences to clinical measures, high-risk AD genes, and specific cellular processes, shedding light on the biological basis of structural connectome changes in AD.

Orange and blue brain regions respectively show regions with a significant increase or decrease in our new MR intensity-based biomarkers (T1 Mu, T1 sigma, FLAIR mu and FLAIR sigma) or the conventional PET imaging biomarkers (Tau PET and Amyloid PET), when compared between mutation carriers versus  non-carriers of dominantly-inherited Alzheimer disease. Great intensity of color corresponds to a smaller p-value of the tested model, while EYO corresponds to accumulation of pathology over the years prior to symptom onset. Note that the temporal and regional distribution of abnormalities in FLAIR Mu, our most important intensity-based biomarker, closely resemble those of tau PET.

In a sample of typically-developing youth (9–17 years), mediating effects of DHEA levels on the relationship between trauma-related anxiety symptoms and anterior pituitary volume were uncovered. Specifically, higher anxiety symptoms related to lower DHEA levels in adolescents, which in turn related to smaller anterior pituitary gland volume. This study highlights the utility of manually tracing the anterior and posterior pituitary glands separately, and that the anterior pituitary may be a litmus for neurobiological responses to early life stress.

We demonstrate that a macroscale hierarchical functional connectivity gradient that recapitulates fundamental biological features of the human cortex has higher test–retest reliability than traditional edge-wise measures, especially when derived from combined resting-state and task-based data. Further, gradient measures capture individual differences in aging and cognition.

Studying brain imaging of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) during a fear reversal task showed no significant brain activation differences with healthy controls. Multivariate analysis revealed that subjective appraisal had a greater impact on brain activity than OCD symptoms.

This study investigates the changes of the aspartate level in the medial-prefrontal cortex of subjects with nicotine addiction using the J-edited ¹H MR spectroscopy; To explore the role of aspartate in the brain of nicotine addicts; To provide a positive imaging evidence for the intervention of nicotine addicts.

Our findings contribute to the debate concerning how statistical regularities affect attention control, here pointing to substantial differences compared to salience processing: while salience was associated primarily with local effects within the occipital cortex, statistical regularities engaged a combination of local occipital processing and occipito-parietal interactions.

A combined cortico-spinal functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted during a visually guided grip force task in 20 healthy young subjects. Activation was localized in the right cervical spinal cord and left primary motor and premotor areas. Spinal activation was negatively correlated with ventral premotor cortex and positive with primary motor cortex activation. These results indicate that human premotor areas might be functionally connected to the lower cervical spinal cord.

We used microstates derived from spontaneous EEG recordings to examine cortical spatio-temporal dynamics in individuals spanning early-to-middle childhood. We uncovered associations between several microstate temporal parameters and participants' age and biological sex. We further found associations between parameters of microstates C and E and aperiodic-adjusted alpha power.

Treating amblyopia using altered reality with the complementary patchwork adaptation effectively improved the visual acuities of amblyopes. Such paradigm also enhanced voxel-wise functional connectivity both within and across the early visual areas of amblyopes, promoting the transmission and integration of visual information.

Recreational cannabis use is becoming increasingly more common, but the long-term impact of regular use on the brain is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated how regular cannabis use affects the brain circuitry and dynamics serving motor control in adults. We found that regular cannabis use alters the dynamics serving motor control in primary and higher-order motor cortices.

Bilateral thalamus and pulvinar show higher connectivity pattern to auditory areas in congenitally deaf during visual perception of moving annuli and wedges.

We characterized the dynamic relationship between cardiorespiratory activity and the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in spatial, temporal, and spectral dimensions using a wavelet analysis to inform our understanding of autonomic states and improve our interpretation of the BOLD signal. We identified unique frequency profiles for different phase offsets in instances of coherence between the BOLD signal and systemic physiological dynamics.

• Brain dopamine receptor availability is not different between lean and overweight/obese subjects according to both Bayesian and frequentist meta-analyses.
• However, the effect is dependent on the radiopharmaceutical and the degree of obesity.

Predictive modelling of brain disorders using convolutional neural networks applied to structural neuroimaging data has become popular in recent years. We systematically review 55 papers in the field and evaluate their modelling practices, transparency, and considerations of interpretability.

The mechanical properties of brain reflect its tissue microstructure, making it a potentially valuable parameter in studying brain disease. Intrinsic actuation based MRE allow for consistent and repeatable estimation of the mechanical properties of the brain and provides enough sensitivity to investigate regional variation in such properties.