Highlights

• Six microRNAs (miR-148b, miR-223, miR-130a, miR-19a, miR-26b and miR-27b) were selected as potential circulating biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
• MiR-146a and miR-21 were identified as potential tissue biomarkers of T2DM.

Highlights

• Diabetic conditions induce compositional dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and impair gut barrier integrity.
• Diabetic conditions markedly downregulate the abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the gut.
• Under diabetic conditions, microbial anti-inflammatory molecules from Faecalibacterium prausnitzii restore the gut barrier and ZO-1 expression possibly through the tight junction pathway.

Highlights

• Electroacupuncture treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) reduced cell apoptosis of sciatic nerves in diabetic rats, inhibited the occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and thus prevented sciatic nerve injuries.
• The treatment effectiveness of electroacupuncture for DPN may be mediated via downregulation of glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) and caspase-12.

Highlights

• This study demonstrates that of brown adipose tissue (BAT) with CL316,243 attenuates the progress of diabetic kidney disease (DKD).
• Mechanistically, the activation of BAT improved concentrations of circulating adipokines and microRNAs, which further affected the diabetic kidney and reactivated the AMP-activated protein kinase/sirtuin 1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α signaling pathway.
• The data suggest that BAT activation could be a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of DKD.

Highlights

• Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery improved glucose metabolism and the extent of inflammation and endotoxemia in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
• Reductions in inflammatory tone and metabolic endotoxemia may be mediated by improved tight junction integrity and intestinal barrier strength induced by RYGB procedures.

Highlights

• High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is overexpressed in the blood of patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and DN serum-treated MPC5 cells.
• The combination of HMGB1 removal and addition of rapamycin inhibited DN serum-induced cell apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by regulating autophagy.
• The combination of HMGB1 short interference RNA and the autophagy activator rapamycin protected podocytes against apoptosis by inhibiting AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and blunted EMT progression by downregulating the transforming growth factor-β/smad signaling pathway.

Highlights

• Diabetic conditions elevated expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 and Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) 2.
• Diabetic conditions elevated expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1).
• The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog, liraglutide, is an inhibited STAT3/JAK2 expression, possibly through SIRT1 signaling.

Highlights

• Increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps was found to be closely associated with gut leakage in type 1 but not type 2 diabetes.
• Microorganisms and neutrophil cytoplasmic antigen may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.

Highlights

• Combined treatment of blood flow restriction and low-intensity electrical stimulation (ES) can rescue diabetes mellitus-associated downregulation of protein synthesis and decreased translational activity and capacity.
• The study findings suggest that combined treatment with blood flow restriction and low-intensity ES has the potential to become an effective therapeutic intervention to prevent diabetes-associated muscle atrophy.

Highlights

• Heparan sulfate significantly alleviates the inflammatory reaction and reduces cleaved interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α production.
• Suppression of the inflammatory reaction may be mediated via downregulation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and upregulation of proteinase inhibitor 9 and caspase-12.

Highlights

• Diabetic rats exhibit significantly more intense dabigatran-induced anticoagulation that does not seem to be solely related to altered kidney function.
• Plasma cholesterol significantly affects dabigatran-induced anticoagulation in this setting.
• These findings could explain the similar benefits of dabigatran in reducing ischemic stroke compared with warfarin in patients with and without diabetes mellitus, despite the significantly higher intrinsic thrombotic risk in the former, as well as the lack of benefit of reducing major bleeding in diabetic patients.

Highlights

• Skeletal muscles play an important role in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, whereas gangliosides, such as GM3, attenuate insulin receptor signaling, thus contributing to the development of insulin resistance.
• Ganglioside GM3 muscle content was significantly higher in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and significantly lower in rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared with control groups.
• Expression of GM3 precursors was significantly higher in T2DM rats, whereas ceramide expression was significantly lower in T1DM rats compared with controls.

Highlights

• The findings of the present study suggest that different aerobic exercise frequencies improve diabetes markers and skeletal muscle damage in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.
• The outcomes of different exercise modalities did not differ significantly from each other, provided that the total duration of the exercise remained constant.