Highlights

• With the increase in the elderly population, diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) severely affect human health and societies worldwide. They will pose significant medical, social, and socioeconomic challenges.
• Reviewing the existing studies on the pathogenesis of DFUs, most of them focus on clinical nursing and treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms of DFUs are poorly studied.
• The mechanisms of inflammatory response, signal pathway, and epigenetics in DFUs are highlighted.
• The authors suggest reasonable choices of finding out important targets for treatment of disorders of DFUs and developing the effective products underlying the molecular pathogenesis of DFUs.
• Future insights into the use of motor molecules to carry drug molecules in combination with existing materials are briefly discussed.

Highlights

• This is a systematic review-based clinical practice guideline. After internal and external review, two strong recommendations, six conditional recommendations, and one qualifying statement were made for insulin-naive adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Although the guideline authors came from the Asia-Pacific region, the eligible evidence was based on recent English publications. The recommendations and the clinical thresholds set up in the guideline can be used as references for clinicians worldwide.

Highlights

• Health literacy (H)L-driven interventions were effective in controlling glycemic levels and improving diabetes self-management outcomes.
• The level of glycemic control and self-management skills were improved better through individual and telephone-based intervention, respectively, in comparing group intervention.
• Community worker led interventions were effective in improvements in diabetes knowledge and self-care behaviors; however, nurse-led interventions were more effective in glycemic control.
• Better glycemic control was achieved in hospital settings compared with outpatient settings.
• HL interventions yielded better improvement in self-management among people with a longer diabetes duration (more than 7 years) than those with short duration of diabetes.
• It was possible to achieve a significant reduction in HbA1c level after a 3-month intervention in hospital settings.

Highlights

• Controversial changes in intestinal hormones after bariatric surgery (BS) were summarized.
• The changes of signaling proteins involved in insulin resistance and the newly proposed changes in growth differentiation factor 15, exosomes, and extracellular vesicles after BS were elucidated.
• The interactions between bile acids and gut microbiota and the gut–brain axis play an indispensable role in BS.

Highlights

This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 2000 to February 2022. Among 11,163 citations retrieved, 35 publications met the pre-planned criteria. The five basal insulins are effective for insulin-naive adult patients with T2DM. Glargine U-300, degludec U-100, glargine U-100, and detemir lead to fewer hypoglycemic events than NPH without compromising glycemic control.

Highlights

We identified that CGM can increase motivation for self-management and confidence in treatments. A supportive treating team may help to reduce the practical and psychological burden in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Highlights

• Mobile health (mHealth) is an emerging forefront in patient-centric care.
• Efficacy of mHealth interventions on health outcomes among older adults with type 2 diabetes is limited.
• Modest benefits on cardiometabolic outcomes with mHealth interventions have uncovered critical gaps in the field and offered insights to address barriers at hand.

Highlights

• We used data from the genome-wide association studies database and two-sample mendelian randomization method, we found that genetic evidence supporting that knee osteoarthritis is a potential risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Highlights

• Metformin was associated with statistically significantly lower overall mortality for inpatients and outpatients.
• Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use was associated with statistically significant higher hospitalization risk and higher risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and/or mechanical ventilation.
• There was a statistically significant decrease in hospitalization for sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor) users vs. nonusers.
• Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use was associated with a statistically significant decrease in mortality, ICU admission and/or mechanical ventilation, and hospitalization.

Highlights

• Nattokinase rescued endothelial dysfunction and pericyte loss in the diabetic retina.
• Nattokinase attenuated diabetes-induced retinal inflammation and neurodegeneration.
• High mobility group box 1 signaling was involved in nattokinase-mediated retinal protection.
• Nattokinase might be developed as a pharmaceutical product for early diabetic retinopathy.