Temporal trends and clinical trial characteristics independently associated with under-enrolment of females in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction published in high-impact journals 2000–2019.

In this population-wide study of early outcomes following heart failure (HF) hospitalisations in Australia and New Zealand, we found that one in 10 patients died, and almost a quarter experienced an unplanned readmission, within 30 days. We also observed a significant decline in 30-day all-cause mortality and a modest reduction in readmissions over the study period despite the absence of broad policy efforts to improve HF outcomes. However, 30-day mortality and unplanned readmission rates varied two to threefold among hospitals suggesting disparities in care quality, highlighting the need for coordinated efforts to standardise care.

Differential protein expression in inpatients relative to outpatients. Presented is a volcano plot of differential protein expression showing the fold change (FC), i.e. the ratio of average expression in inpatients to average expression in outpatients, vs. the corresponding t-test P-value per protein and on logarithmic scales. Higher values on the y-axis indicate stronger statistical significance, values >0 on the x-axis indicate up-regulation in inpatients, and values <0 on the x-axis indicate down-regulation in inpatients. Significantly differentially expressed proteins have been labeled. FDR, false discovery rate.

Graphical representation of changes in urinary and plasma volume and osmolality. As more glucose is excreted as a result of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition, more water is drawn to the urine keeping osmolality constant. As a result of increased electrolyte free water excretion, plasma osmolality is moderately increased and total volume of plasma and interstitial fluid is decreased.

OUTSTEP-HF is the largest study in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction that measured physical activity using 6-min walk test (6MWT) and accelerometry, and showed no significant benefit of sacubitril/valsartan treatment on physical activity compared with enalapril.

Cumulative survival of all cancer patients (n = 120). CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; NSVT, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia.

Different remote monitoring options (wearables, non-invasive devices like ReDS™, integrated algorithms in implanted cardiac devices like HeartLogic™). The resulting data will be transferred to medical centres and will be reviewed frequently from medical personnel (physicians, trained nurses, etc.). Accordingly, decisions should be made to modify the medical therapy or to organize an emergent admission of the patients. Alternatively, no action could be required assuring a stable condition of heart failure (HF) patients.