Cover image: The cover image is based on the article Unveiling the shield: Troglitazone's impact on epilepsy-induced nerve injury through ferroptosis inhibition by Zhi-Bin Wang et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14911.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature. Data from 21 observational studies showed that individuals who received statins in the past had lower risk of developing PD. However, four prospective studies supplementing statins for PD patients showed no evidence of benefit.

L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, could improve spinal cord injury-induced detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane hydrochloride may improve SCI-induced DSD by inhibiting the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in lumbosacral cord motoneurons.

We integrate recent studies and findings to provide a thorough and detailed exploration of various facets of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, including its epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical features, and treatment strategies. This contributes to a better understanding of the disease and potential therapeutic targets.

Batroxobin can inhibit platelet aggregation, degrade insoluble fibrinogen, dissolve soluble fibrin, and prolong TT and APTT which makes it play a stable role in the effective treatment of CVT. Batroxobin can slow down the changes in coagulation indicators, which makes it not increase the risk of adverse events, especially bleeding.

Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy warrant increased opioid consumption perioperatively and suffered from more postoperative pain compared with patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone. However, there is no statistical difference in incidence of postoperative delirium (POD) between groups within 72 h after surgery.

Intravenous batroxobin treatment was found to significantly reduce the risk of stroke recurrence and improve functional outcomes for patients with acute ischemic stroke beyond the thrombolytic therapy time window. Additionally, the treatment did not lead to an increase in moderate-to-severe bleeding events.

There are three kind of PF changes on muscle pathology of IIM patients, including PFA, PFN, and PF-MHCn, each referring to different clinico-sero-pathological characteristics and distinct pathogenic mechanism. The tree-based three-stage clinico-serological machine learning model could accurately predict which kind of PF changes an IIM patient would develop.

Pramipexole-treated, activated regulatory T cells protect dopaminergic neurons against 6 OHDA damage and promote primary neurite length. This could be due to the production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and an increased expression of genes related to regulation and neuroprotection.

This study shows that Nes-1 activated Nrf-2 by promoting its nuclear translocation but prevented the activation of the IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9. Subsequently, Nes-1 suppressed the invasion of macrophages and CA formation.

This study reveals the key role of RACK1 in CIRI. The study finds that RACK1 regulates mitochondrial function and autophagy. The study confirms the centrality of the PINK1/Parkin pathway. The study offers new strategies for treating CIRI. The study provides comprehensive in vitro and in vivo evidence.

The mechanism of mitochondrial transport within the neuron is mediated on the cytoskeleton. The retrograde (−) motion deployed the movement of mitochondria toward the cell body with the help of dynein, TRAK1/2, and Mrio1/2 protein. While anterograde (+) motion causes the movement toward the axon with the assistance of kinesin, TRAK1/2, and Miro1/2 proteins. At the axon terminal, the mitochondrion is separated due to the influx of calcium, which destabilizes its complex with kinesin protein. In the cell body, mitochondria undergo fission and fusion process in order to remove its damaged portion or to conserve it, respectively.

HKL improves cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease mice by activating the SIRT3-mediated mitochondrial autophagy.

MSN in PSP patients was mainly decreased in frontal and temporal cortex but increased in occipital cortex. In longitudinal studies, these are mainly in frontal and parietal regions. The expression pattern associated with MSN changes in PSP involves genes implicated in astrocytes, excitatory, and inhibitory neurons and is functionally enriched in neuron-specific biological processes. MSN were negatively correlated with the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and opioid receptors.

Four distinct recurring states were identified, including (in order of decreasing frequency) state with “widely weak” FNC, state with “widely moderate” FNC, state with “locally strong” FNC (mainly involving perceptual networks), and state with “widely strong” FNC. SAD patients significantly spent more time in a “weakly connected” state and less time in “strongly connected” states and demonstrated decreased FNC mainly within/between the default mode network, the attention network, and perceptual networks.

We identified several EEG microstate characteristics in MD patients, which facilitate postural control yet exacerbate subjective symptoms and effectively discriminate MD from HC. Microstate features may serve as a new avenue for optimizing cognitive compensation strategies and exploring potential neurobiological markers in MD.

The polarization imbalance between the M1/M2-like phenotype exacerbates inflammatory response and neuronal death. By inhibiting or blocking the binding of S100A9 to TLR4, neuronal death can be reduced through modulation of inflammatory molecules. STAT6 and PPARγ, the downstream targets of TLR4, can be regulated by inhibiting or blocking S100A9.

Robot-assisted DBS surgery for the elderly PD patients is accurate and safe. The motor symptoms and ADL are significantly improved and can benefit from neuromodulation for long term, which may decline the risk of death.

By utilizing multiple methods, this study discovers that AST can suppress microglial cell activation via COX2 to improve neuroinflammation in AD, thereby improving the behavior of AD mice. Therefore, COX2 is an important target of AST.

The mGluR5-mediated Arc induction might be an endogenous neuroprotective mechanism following TBI, and the AMPAR-associated Ca²⁺ influx and ER Ca²⁺ release induced by Homer1-IP₃R pathway were involved in this protection.

Our results indicate that in the SCI model, fucoidan exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects and promotes the transformation of pro-inflammatory M1-type microglia/macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2-type ones. Fucoidan enhances the survival of neurons and axons in the injury area and improves remyelination. Additionally, fucoidan promotes OPC differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. These findings suggest that fucoidan improves SCI repair by modulating the microenvironment and promoting remyelination.

Gender-specific prognostic models were developed based on distinct factors among SAH patients. Variations in baseline characteristics and treatments partially contribute to gender-based prognosis differences. Independent prognostic factors vary by gender. Gender-specific prognostic models demonstrated robust discriminative ability, highlighting the importance of considering gender-specific factors in SAH prognosis.

Our study highlights the potential of multi-scale ReHo analysis as a valuable neuroimaging biomarker in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Furthermore, we observed spatial scale-dependent differences in enriched biological processes in the brain associated with schizophrenia. These related genes were mainly linked to immune responses, inflammation, synaptic signaling, ion channels, cellular development, myelination, and transporter activity.

The ideal systolic blood pressure target following successful endovascular thrombectomy remains unclear. This article summarizes and analyzes the key conclusions and implications of recent randomized controlled trials, while also exploring the innovative directions for optimizing blood pressure control following endovascular thrombectomy. The recently completed randomized controlled trials failed to demonstrate the beneficial effect of intensive blood pressure control on both the functional outcome and reduction of the risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Future research should place greater emphasis on individualized blood pressure management strategies, minimizing blood pressure variability, and implementing multi-stage BP management protocols in this field.

This analysis demonstrates that peripheral T lymphocyte counts in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are negatively correlated with the 3-month prognosis. The correlation analysis, stratified by onset days, indicates that this conclusion is most significant in the 1–3 days post-stroke group. Furthermore, an individualized predictive model based on CD4⁺ T-cell count shows high accuracy, suggesting its potential as a target for interventions to improve the prognosis of patients with AIS.

Li et al. have addressed the critical role of hyperglycemia-induced neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP), a significant and growing global health concern due to the rising prevalence of diabetes. Metformin can decrease neuroinflammation and DNP, and this effect depends on its regulation of Sirt3 protein level.

Beard, Hemsley and colleagues compared the efficacy of neonatal AAV9-based gene replacement via intravenous or cerebrospinal fluid injection routes, on retinal degeneration in a mouse model of childhood dementia caused by Sanfilippo syndrome. Intravenous AAV9-CMV-human sulfamidase resulted in superior therapeutic efficacy, compared with cerebrospinal fluid infusions of the same viral vector. Created with BioRender.com.

Lacosamide (LCM) is effective, safe, and well-tolerated as an adjunctive therapy in young Chinese children aged ≥1 month to ≤4 years. The order of lacosamide introduction significantly influenced its short-term efficacy.

GSK-3β kinase dysregulation aggregates Aβ production and accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hyperactive GSK-3β promotes phosphorylation and formation of toxic tau species. GSK-3β represents a promising therapeutic target against AD. Nature-derived phytochemicals inhibiting GSK-3β activity provided novel therapeutic strategy for AD.

The heterogeneity of motor progression in Parkinson's disease (PD) may serve as a predictive factor for early cognitive decline. This study indicates that PD patients with severe and progressive motor symptoms are at a higher risk of developing mild cognitive impairment than those with mild and stable motor symptoms.

CXCL2⁺neutrophils at the border of the brain are rapidly generated and infiltrated into the brain following cerebral ischemia to promote the production of neutrophil extracellular traps, exacerbating the no-reflow phenomenon and hampering recovery after cerebral ischemia.

Myelin in the distinct neural nucleus plays an essential role in regulating the progress of isoflurane anesthesia. The possible mechanism of myelin in the regulation of isoflurane anesthesia is the modification of neuronal activity by myelin integrity during GA.

After anesthesia/surgery, the reduction in circRNA_34414 levels leads to more miR-6960-5p, decreased SIRT3 mRNA, lower SIRT3 protein levels, increased the acetylation of SOD2, which ultimately results in mitochondrial dysfunction and postoperative delirium.

Administer anesthesia and perform surgery to promote M1 polarization of microglia and the release of EVs^M1 with high CCR5 expression. EVs^M1 promotes CCR5 expression on the neuronal surface, which triggered activation of the GPCRs-Ras-Mapk signaling pathway by the binding of CCL3/4/5 to their receptor CCR5 on neurons, causing neuronal degeneration, synaptic loss, and ultimately POCD.

The diagram of brain network construction and analysis. AAL, anatomical automatic labeling.

Troglitazone can provide significant neuroprotection against neuronal damage. Troglitazone demonstrates remarkable therapeutic efficacy in alleviating seizure occurrence in mice with an epileptic model. The neuroprotective action of troglitazone is mediated through the inhibition of Plaur, and downregulation of Plaur can mimic this protective effect. Drawn by Figdraw (www.figdraw.com)

Our voxel-based connectome analyses indicated hypoconnectivity within the DMN (the connectivity between the precuneus with other DMN components) and attentional networks (the connectivity between the left middle temporal cluster and other DAN/VAN components) and hyperconnectivity between these networks (the connectivity between the left middle temporal and DMN components) in adults with ADHD, with the middle temporal gyrus as a key ‘bridge’ region.

The PBN^vglut2-EA is involved in the modulation of awakening during sevoflurane anesthesia. The PBN^vglut2-EA exhibited sexually dimorphic activity patterns under general anesthesia. The activation of the PBN^vglut2-EA reduced sensitivity to sevoflurane in males and resulted in enhanced arousal states and EEG changes.

The physical function represented by grip strength and gait is significantly associated with cognitive function, and this relationship is not influenced by gender, age, genetic factors, or dementia severity. This connection allows us to distinguish whether a person's cognition is impaired based on their physical abilities. The brain Aβ deposition serves as an intermediate factor that partially mediates the relationship between physical function and cognitive function, and this mediating effect is particularly pronounced in the female population.

CHD was identified as an independent risk factor for perioperative ischemic stroke in our large retrospective cohort study of noncardiac surgery patients. Strict control of preoperative blood pressure may reduce the risk of perioperative ischemic stroke in patients with CHD.

In this study, interoception impairments, beginning in MDD's preclinical phase and escalating during its clinical stage, were found to predictively impact all primary symptom clusters, particularly emotional symptoms. Internal validation underscored their significant role in improving diagnostic accuracy and predictive capabilities for MDD, which offers discriminative and predictive utility for MDD clinical practice.

After hypoperfusion injury, brain endothelial cells experience intracellular iron overload due to endocytosis of excessive myelin sheaths, leading to ferroptosis and impaired iron transport. Iron retention in brain endothelial cells results in oligodendroglial iron hunger and remyelination failure. Intranasal iron supplementation to brain parenchyma bypassing blood–brain barrier promotes myelin regeneration in hypoperfusion-induced white matter injury.

Downregulation of H19 enhances angiogenesis and mitigates BBB damage by regulating IMP2, thereby alleviating cerebral I/R injury.

FMT from PD patients altered the structure and composition of the gut microbiota in recipient mice and significantly altered the metabolic profiles, which collectively may aggravate intestinal and systemic inflammation, cause BBB damage, and eventually lead to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In conclusion, our results suggest that gut microbiota and intestinal ecological disorders are important driving factors for the progression of PD.

Our study reveals that OTULIN significantly mitigates neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation in trigeminal neuralgia by activating autophagy and inhibiting the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.

This propensity score matching analysis of our stroke dataset found that diabetics being treated with metformin had milder clinical stroke severity, less in-hospital mortality, and better functional outcomes compared to those who were treated with alternative antidiabetic medications at the time of their ischemic stroke. Among diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke, metformin appears to confer neuroprotection.

Meningitis caused by Moraxella osloensis is rare and easily misdiagnosed clinically. Here, we report the first case of meningitis caused by M. osloensis in China by taking advantage of the metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in cerebrospinal fluid for pathogen screening. In addition, we extend the neurological signs, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment of this rare disease.

The differentiated FC between the occipital gyrus and other brain areas within the PD motor subtypes, which may serve as neural markers to distinguish between patients with tremor dominance and postural instability and gait disturbance Parkinson's disease.

Office-based Vergence and Accommodative Therapy, but not placebo therapy, improves the resting-state functional connectivity in the regions of the oculomotor vergence network which is correlated with the improvements in the clinical measures using in the assessment and diagnosis of CI.