Microglia interact with oxidative stress, reactive astrocytes, neuronal damage, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, and blood–brain barrier disruption, playing a critical role in the pathophysiology of perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND). Targeting microglia presents a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of PND.

High-expressed NFE2L1 contributes to maintaining the M2 macrophage in glioma. Knockout of NFE2L1/Nrf1 can reverse the M2 phenotype of TAMs to the M1 phenotype. In vivo tumor growth is significantly inhibited in NFE2L1^−/+-deficient heterogeneous mice. The activity of CD38 and PDL-1 inhibitors is enhanced by NFE2L1 targeting the ARE sites. The anti-PD-1 therapeutic efficacy is strikingly enhanced on NFE2L1^−/+ tumor-bearing mice.

Our study is the first to apply rTMS across five frequency bands to the cerebellum, revealing that low-frequency TMS does not significantly affect working memory. In contrast, 5 Hz rTMS significantly enhances working memory performance and improves the parameters of resting-state brain networks, emphasizing the role of cerebellar rTMS in cognitive regulation.

The classification model based on ¹⁸F-FDG PET and scalp EEG brain network features effectively identifies TPE patients with insular involvement from TLE patients. There are differences in the local network features of the insular region between the two patient groups.

Chronic stroke patients exhibit persistent glymphatic dysfunction (reduced DTI-ALPS index), with lesioned hemispheres showing greater impairment at 3 months post-stroke. Partial functional recovery occurs by 1 year, resolving interhemispheric differences. Transient weak correlations between ALPS index and motor/memory scores at 3 months disappear at 1 year, indicating stabilized recovery patterns. Lesion location and volume show no significant impact. These findings validate DTI-ALPS for chronic-phase monitoring and highlight glymphatic restoration as a therapeutic target for PSCI.

Multi-technology interventions (non-invasive neuromodulation, AI, 3D organoids) for CNS tumor treatment shift from monotherapy to functional reconstruction. They address BBB restriction, tumor heterogeneity, and immune suppression via biological–psychological–technological convergence, enabling precision oncology through dynamic monitoring and microenvironment remodeling. Despite translational/ethical challenges, interdisciplinary innovation drives patient-centered functional restoration.

The study explores the impact of maternal diabetes on neonatal brain development, revealing significant weight reductions and alterations in brain structure, suggesting potential neurodevelopmental consequences and insulin treatment benefits.

Higher estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) may be linked to improved cognitive function and reduced risk of cognitive impairment in older adults. eGDR outperforms other insulin resistance indices, highlighting its potential as a predictive marker for cognitive health, with machine learning models confirming its clinical utility.

This integrative genetic study, using Mendelian randomization and transcriptome-wide association analyses, demonstrates that birth weight decreases functional connectivity of the central executive or default mode network in the temporal lobe, childhood BMI reduces connectivity in subcortical-cerebellum and motor/attention networks, and adulthood BMI increases neural activity in the frontal lobe.