Highlights

• This study is the first registered meta-analysis with three different insights to explore the relationship between the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) variability and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
• Our study suggests that the higher glucose fluctuation is significantly associated with the higher CVD risk in diabetes patients based on HbA1c variability.
• The CVD risk associated with per HbA1c-SD might be higher among patients type 1 diabetes than patients with type 2 diabetes.

Highlights

Autophagy is closely related to retinal neurovascular units in diabetes retinopathy. Different cells participate in the occurrence and development of diseases through autophagy, and targeted autophagy may be a new direction of treatment in the future.

• Emphasized the close relationship between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and autophagy
• Summarized the autophagy molecular mechanism of DR pathophysiology in the neurovascular unit
• Proposed potential targets for DR treatment

Highlights

• Neprilysin (NEP) inhibitors may lead to beneficial effects through inhibition of NEP, which involves impairment of glucose homeostasis through modulation of insulin resistance and the development of pancreatic β cell dysfunction as observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• NEP increases dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) activity and contributes to increasing active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) proteolysis so NEP inhibitors may improve glycemic control through increasing endogenous GLP-1 activity and reduction of DPP4 activity.
• NEP inhibitors have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity by increasing oxytocin and various substrates including GLP-1.
• NEP inhibitors may lead to a detrimental effect on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis as well as pancreatic β cell dysfunction through different mechanisms including augmentation of some substrates and pancreatic amyloid deposition.

Highlights

• A significant upregulation of glucokinase (GCK) expression was found in type 2 diabetes (T2D) subjects with adequate glucose control, but such increase was undetected in T2D with poor glycemic control.
• A strong positive correlation between GCK levels and spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s)/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) expressions was observed in β-cells from T2D patients.
• Successful GCK activation to induce adaptive unfolded protein response in human β-cells might be an adaptive mechanism for maintaining appropriate glycemia.

Highlights

This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 2000 to February 2022. Among 11,163 citations retrieved, 35 publications met the pre-planned criteria. The five basal insulins are effective for insulin-naive adult patients with T2DM. Glargine U-300, degludec U-100, glargine U-100, and detemir lead to fewer hypoglycemic events than NPH without compromising glycemic control.

Highlights

• To our knowledge, our study is the first to date to investigate the association between metabolically defined obesity and adverse outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
• Metabolic abnormalities were associated with adverse outcomes in patients with CML, irrespective of obesity status.
• There were sex modifications in metabolically defined obesity and the nonremission/relapse risk of CML.

Highlights

• Almost one in three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffered from mild cognitive impairment.
• Age, marital status, household income, diabetes duration, diabetic retinopathy, anxiety, and depression were associated with mild cognitive impairment.
• Nomograms could provide a clinical basis for detecting mild cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.