Highlights

• Metformin was associated with statistically significantly lower overall mortality for inpatients and outpatients.
• Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use was associated with statistically significant higher hospitalization risk and higher risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and/or mechanical ventilation.
• There was a statistically significant decrease in hospitalization for sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor) users vs. nonusers.
• Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use was associated with a statistically significant decrease in mortality, ICU admission and/or mechanical ventilation, and hospitalization.

Highlights

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dementia cause heavy health burden in China.
• This was the first cohort study investigating the association between TZD use and dementia incidence in a mainland Chinese population.
• We found that TZD use was associated with a 49% reduction in incidence of dementia.
• Our results could provide some insights into developing effective prevention and control measures to reduce the future disease burden of dementia.

Highlights

• Adjusted for age, gender, BMI, FBG at the first visit, smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker), drinking status (yes vs no), physical activity, hypertension status (yes vs no), dyslipidemia (yes vs no), region (south vs north), area (urban vs rural), education, income and family history of CVD.
• BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; NFG, normal fasting glucose (50-99 mg/dL); IFG, impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL); DM, diabetes mellitus (≥126 mg/dL and/or using hypoglycemic drugs, and/or a self-reported history of DM); CVD, cardiovascular disease.

Highlights

• Sex difference regarding arterial stiffness in different glycemic status and whether aging plays a role remains uncertain.
• In participants aged 40–59 years, women were associated with lower ba-PWV levels in generally all glycemic strata after multivariable adjustment. In participants aged ≥60 years, women were associated with significantly higher ba-PWV levels in the group of normal glycemic regulation after multivariable adjustment and this sex difference was attenuated in the groups of prediabetes and diabetes.
• Our findings provided additional evidence for targeted sex-specific prevention of atherosclerosis in participants with different glycemic status.

Highlights

• Whether time in range (TIR) during short-term intensive insulin therapy (SIIT) was associated with treatment response to the therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes was uncertain.
• TIR_PIR, which was calculated according to the percentage of glucose points within predefined glycemic targets, was superior to TIR_{3.9–7.8mmol/L}, TIR_{3.9–10.0mmol/L}, and other glycemic markers in predicting recovery of β-cell function, improvement of insulin sensitivity, and 1-year remission.
• Patients with TIR_PIR ≥ 65% had a 1-year remission rate of 60% or higher.

Highlights

• Nailfold capillary images were obtained by performing nailfold video capillaroscopy in 120 adult patients with and without diabetes.
• Over 5000 photographs were analyzed using machine-learning approaches, and these models were clearly able to distinguish people based on diabetes status.
• This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential of machine learning for identifying people with microvascular capillary changes from diabetes based on nailfold images and for possibly identifying those likely to have diabetes-related complications.

Highlights

• For the first time, our study contributed a systematic evaluation of bile acid (BA) profiles in plasma, feces and liver tissue and gut microbiota changes triggered by fasting-refeeding cycle in mice.
• Our work clearly demonstrated that overnight fasting leads to significant, but reversible changes in BA profiles and gut microbiota composition.
• Our results demonstrated that gene expression responsible for BA biosynthesis and intestinal reabsorption were suppressed under fasting status, whereas refeeding ameliorated this effect.
• Our study emphasized the important and rapid effects of nutrient supply on BA profiles and gut microbiota.