Highlights

• Higher creatinine to cystatin C to waist circumference ratio (CCR/WC ratio) was associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Chinese people.
• A nonlinear association was found between CCR/WC and T2DM risk.

Highlights

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by progressive loss of beta-cell function and mass. Numerous mechanisms of beta-cell failure are involved.
• Preservation and/or enhancement of beta-cell function is of great importance in delaying the progression of T2DM and the burden of its complications.
• Accurate evaluation of the effects of T2DM therapies on beta-cell function require assessments of beta-cell function following a washout period. This review focuses primarily on such assessments.
• Of all available therapies for T2DM, significant and sustained weight loss as well as prolonged therapy with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are associated with preservation and perhaps enhancement of beta-cell function.

Highlights

• This review outlines the history of miRNA discovery and its major advances in the field of metabolism.
• We explore the roles of miRNAs in diabetes-related cognitive impairment.
• We innovatively propose that miRNAs also act with a certain organ-targeting specificity due to the organ-targeting nature of extracellular vesicles, which may aid disease detection and treatment and help interpret the mechanisms beneath.
• This review is highly concise and includes the latest research advances, allowing readers to gain a basic framework of the role of EV-miRNAs in T2D and its complications quickly.

Highlights

• Few studies have investigated the association of large-scale biomarkers and pulse wave velocity (PWV) among diabetic patients.
• This study investigates the relationships of serum laboratory tests with PWV and explored the associations between PWV and all-cause mortality among diabetic patients.
• Certain biomarkers related to blood glucose monitoring, myocardial injury, and renal function significantly correlated with PWV among diabetic patients.
• Our research was the first to demonstrate that higher aortic-femoral arterial stiffness gradient was associated with lower all-cause mortality in diabetic patients, independent of a wide range of covariates.

Highlights

• Nattokinase rescued endothelial dysfunction and pericyte loss in the diabetic retina.
• Nattokinase attenuated diabetes-induced retinal inflammation and neurodegeneration.
• High mobility group box 1 signaling was involved in nattokinase-mediated retinal protection.
• Nattokinase might be developed as a pharmaceutical product for early diabetic retinopathy.

Highlights

• Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were positively and significantly associated with a high risk of incident diabetes.
• Even in participants with normal LDL-C levels (<130 mg/dL), a 1-SD increase in LDL-C levels was significantly associated with a higher risk of diabetes development.
• More attention and health management should be implemented on patients with elevated LDL-C to reduce diabetes risk.

Highlights

• Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are prone to developing chronic diabetes-related complications at the microvascular and macrovascular levels. The Computerized Nailfold Video-Capillaroscopy (CNVC) provides specific information on both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of microvasculature at the level of fingers.
• The present study aims to characterize nailfold microvascular changes in T2D patients and better describe specific nailfold patterns related to poor glucose control (ie, HbA1c ≥7%) and chronic complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, chronic kidney impairment, atherosclerosis, established cardiovascular disease, and erectile dysfunction (ED). This cross-sectional cohort study was conducted on 102 consecutive and unselected outpatients with T2D. Patients underwent a comprehensive assessment of nailfold microvasculature by CNVC.
• Specific patterns of nailfold microvascular alteration are observed in T2D, such as tortuosity, ectasias, microaneurysms, and enlarged capillaries. Poor glycemic control is associated with dilated and longer capillaries and a higher frequency of ectasias and microaneurysms. Men with ED had fewer bizarre-shaped capillaries (a sign of impaired angiogenesis), and those with clinical signs of atherosclerosis (ie, carotid stenosis >20%) had more microaneurysms. Future studies are needed to understand better the role of the CNVC in identifying at-risk patients requiring specific therapeutic management to prevent the onset and evolution of severe chronic complications.

Highlights

• Mild acquired impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity was widespread among the general populations.
• Reduced thyroid hormone sensitivity was related with metabolic syndrome and its components.
• Impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity might affect the distribution of adipose tissue and muscle.