Highlights We evaluated Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for the effect of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was used as an indicator of LVH. LVMI levels significantly decreased after administration of SGLT2i. After SGLT2i treatment, LVMI levels in the patients who had LVH significantly decreased compared with patients without LVH. SGLT2i was therefore shown to improve LVH in patients with T2DM.

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• The number of parities and breastfeeding duration were positively related to fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postload glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.
• Women who were nulliparas or had more than one birth or experienced more than one pregnancy loss had an increased risk of diabetes. On the other hand, women who breastfed for less than 12 months had a lower risk of diabetes.
• Interaction effects between parity and pregnancy loss with body mass index or age， and breastfeeding duration with menopause status were detected for the risk of diabetes.

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• Bariatric surgery was not associated with risks of overall cancer, obesity-related cancer, and cancer mortality among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity at 3 years.
• This study shed lights on the impacts of bariatric surgery on cancer and mortality outcomes.

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• Higher intake of energy, protein, and fat at dinner than at breakfast increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• If 5% of total energy at dinner is substituted by total energy at breakfast, type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence can be decreased.
• If 5% of energy from fat or protein at dinner is isocalorically replaced by energy from carbohydrate, protein, and fat at breakfast, this can also decrease type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence.

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• Urinary C-peptide/creatinine ratio (UCPCR) is a biomarker of insulin resistance.
• High UCPCR is associated with the vascular complications of diabetes.
• The addition of UCPCR could be used to improve the categorization of patients with diabetes, and we present an updated classification comprising subgroups with specific clinical characteristics.

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• Metabolic risk factors are present in a prediabetic population and start worsening on an ascending trend many years prior to diabetes mellitus (DM) occurrence.
• The changes in metabolic risk factors were significant over time for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), TG:HDL ratio, and plasma glucose between DM convertors and nonconvertors.
• The most prominent differences were observed from 3 years before diabetes occurrence for fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour plasma glucose, 6 years for WC, 9 years for HDL, and even earlier for BMI, TG, and TG:HDL ratio.
• HDL-C and WC trajectories are independent predictors of diabetes incidence.

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• Changes in body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C, blood pressure, and LDL-cholesterol over an average of 2.5 person-years of follow-up were not encouraging in the real-world clinical settings in Malaysia.
• The standards of care for body mass index, A1C, blood pressure, and LDL-cholesterol remain to be achieved by the majority of diabetes patients.
• There appears to be a disconnection between clinical recommendations and real-world practice in public health clinics.

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• Choice of basal insulin regimen might influence height development; continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion appeared to have a favorable effect on growth trajectories.
• All therapies were associated with an increase in body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), most evident in females.
• In the context of BMI-SDS, there were no consistent findings to support one therapy regimen over another in pediatric type 1 diabetes.