Highlights

• Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by immune--mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells.
• Gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability are associated with T1D.
• Strategies for modulating the gut microbiome could help in the treatment of T1D.

Highlights

• High and moderate doses of glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors decrease bodyweight, glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, mean daily glucose, basal insulin dose, bolus insulin dose, estimated glomerular filtration rate and systolic blood pressure, and increase the mean amplitude of glucose excursions, and percentage of time in target glucose range in a dose-dependent manner, but induce a higher risk of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Highlights

• Diabetic conditions elevated expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 and Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) 2.
• Diabetic conditions elevated expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1).
• The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog, liraglutide, is an inhibited STAT3/JAK2 expression, possibly through SIRT1 signaling.

Highlights

• Increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps was found to be closely associated with gut leakage in type 1 but not type 2 diabetes.
• Microorganisms and neutrophil cytoplasmic antigen may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.

Highlights

• Following reversal of ureteral obstruction, diabetes mellitus results in exaggerated early alterations in glomerular hemodynamic and tubular function, as well as in size selectivity dysfunction of both small and large pores of the glomerular filtration barrier.
• This was accompanied by a more severe residual dysfunction of large pores, indicating a more ominous outcome in diabetic kidneys following ureteral obstruction.

Highlights

• This study demonstrated that applying informatics tools to large electronic health record data could serve as an essential way to robustly and efficiently conduct clinical observational research.
• The findings also validated, for the first time, the favorable effect of pioglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients in China in a cohort of 71 783 T2D patients.

Highlights

• This population-based real-world prescription study characterized all new users of liraglutide in northern Denmark from 2009 to 2015.
• More than half (57%) the patients had liraglutide prescribed as part of drug combinations outside the originally approved indications.
• Comorbidities or diabetes complications were present in most patients, with the highest prevalence observed among the 73% of initiators who would have been ineligible for the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD) 1-5 trials that led to liraglutide registration, underscoring the need for further post-marketing studies.