Highlights

• This article provides an overview for primary care physicians of the strategies available for treating patients with type 2 diabetes who do not achieve glycemic control with basal insulin alone.
• Treatment guidelines from expert bodies and current evidence regarding the use of insulin and non-insulin agents for improving postprandial hyperglycemia are reviewed, including their efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness.

Highlights

• Jinlida significantly improved glycemic control in a wide range of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients ineffectively managed by metformin monotherapy, with greater improvements in patients with poor glycemic control and who were male, elderly, of normal weight, or had a long disease course.
• Jinlida could alleviate insulin resistance with hyperinsulinemia and promote secretion with hypoinsulinemia.

Highlight

• Our results suggest that common polymorphism of E23K of the KCNJ11 carries higher susceptibility to the development of prediabetes in Chinese Han population. It is also found that E23K variant of the KCNJ11 may have a greater impact on the development of type 2 diabetes in female youth in China.

Highlights

• Skeletal muscles play an important role in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, whereas gangliosides, such as GM3, attenuate insulin receptor signaling, thus contributing to the development of insulin resistance.
• Ganglioside GM3 muscle content was significantly higher in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and significantly lower in rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared with control groups.
• Expression of GM3 precursors was significantly higher in T2DM rats, whereas ceramide expression was significantly lower in T1DM rats compared with controls.

Highlights

• Appropriate insulin dose required for maintaining good glycemic control were assessed in patients with type 1 diabetes.
• Glycemic control did not depend on the total daily insulin dose; rather, the ratio of basal:  bolus insulin is important.
• To achieve an HbA1c concentration ≤7.5%, the total daily insulin dose (TDD) should be based on body weight, and the total basal insulin dose as a percentage of TDD should be set at 30% in the Japanese population.

Highlights

• This paper consolidates research from two different studies in Cambodia illuminating contemporary prevalence rates of diabetes, glucose intolerance, and other non-communicable conditions associated with diabetes.
• Rates of obesity, elevated waist:hip ratio, hypertension, and diabetes were higher in urban than rural areas, with semi-urban areas experiencing intermediate rates for some factors.
• Rates of diabetes in Cambodia may be expected to rise as development continues and urban areas expand. An urgent public health response is needed to address non-communicable diseases in Cambodia.

Highlights

• Isolated post-challenge hyperglycemia (IPH) is a common feature in women after menopause.
• Across the spectrum of glucose tolerance, there were significant decreases in early and late-phase insulin release as metabolic status shifted from normal glucose tolerance to impaired glucose tolerance to IPH in the present study.
• Disturbance in β-cell function seems to be an important factor associated with early diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women.