Using immunohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques, we show that in monkey a subpopulation of 17.5% of cholinergic parasympathetic postganglionic CG neurons was contacted by GABAergic terminals. These GABAergic terminals display intermediate features of classically excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contacts.

In zebrafish retina, the light response waveforms, and the spectral properties of amacrine cells are strongly associated with dendritic stratification patterns.

Using zebrafish transgenic larvae expressing fluorescent proteins in cerebellar circuits, the authors isolated each type of cerebellar cells by FACS and profiled their expression by RNA sequencing and ISH. A comparison of the transcriptomes identified genes that are upregulated in granule cells and Purkinje cells.

The authors show that the sexually dimorphic gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) system in the lumbosacral spinal cord exists not only in mice but also in Asian house musk shrews (Suncus murinus). This male-specific system controlling male reproductive function may be a conserved property in mammals.

Spawning in starfish is triggered by a relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide (RGP). We have discovered that RGP is expressed by cells at the tips of the arms near to the terminal tentacle and optic cushion. These cells may mediate neurohormonal control of spawning in response to environmental cues.

Pax3 overexpression induces cell aggregation and perturbs commissural axon projection in the developing spinal cord. Abbreviations: fp, floor plate; ilc, intermediate longitudinal commissural axons; mlc, medial longitudinal commissural axons.

Serial viral vector and serial electron microscopic analyses reveal that synapses on mitral cells are distributed mainly within the inner half of the external plexiform layer (EPL) and that local synaptic circuits of mitral and tufted cells are distributed separately within the inner and outer halves of the EPL, respectively. EPL, external plexiform layer; GCL, granule cell layer; GL, glomerular layer; MCL, mitral cell layer.

The basal forebrain and orexin neurons are both implicated in arousal and wakefulness. Glutamatergic projections from the substantia innominata (SI) excite the orexin neurons, but GABA projections from the SI appear to be silent. The medial septum (MS) and horizontal nucleus of the diagonal band (HDB) sparsely innervate the orexin neurons.

In contrast to dragonflies, which possess only two glomeruli in their antennal lobes, the praying mantis (Tenodera aridifolia) is another visually guided hunter provided with 54 glomeruli. Furthermore, we identified threemacroglomeruli in males that seem to be related to grooved peg sensilla located on the surface of antennae.

Using a modified aldehyde fixative, the authors find spines on somata and neurites of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive interneurons in adult rat retina; colocalizations of glutamate receptor isoform and postsynaptic density proteins at some of these spines, neurites, and somata; and a synaptic ribbon-specific protein adjacent to some of these colocalizations.

Sagittal schematic of zebra finch brain. Large dorsal pallidal (Pall) neurons were found to project on the intercollicular nucleus of the midbrain, to be calretinin positive, and to have extensive dendrites radiating into the overlying auditory and somatosensory nidopallium (N). The projection is proposed to be involved in sensory rather than motor control.

Immature olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium of a P10 mouse, like those in adults, exhibit GFP fluorescence driven by the serotonin 5-HT_3A receptor promoter whereas mature receptor neurons are colored red by staining for OMP.