• Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) is a progressive disease, and many patients require insulin therapy, particularly those with early-onset disease.
• Almost one-third of the people with DM-2 had evidence of complications at the time of insulin initiation.
• The higher the HBA1c at the time of insulin initiation, the lower the chances of achieving glycaemic targets.
• Delaying insulin titration beyond 6 months reduces the chances of achieving glycaemic targets at 2 years.
• Earlier insulin initiation and adequate titration are critical to achieving glycaemic targets in people with poorly controlled DM-2.

Overall, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of MetS between males and females, but differences existed in the prevalence of MetS components between the two groups.

Pubertal development was complete after established treatments with either estradiol valerate or testosterone enantate. Markers of fertility were impaired in TS, KS and MPHD, reflecting gonadal dysgenesis in TS and KS, but immaturity in MPHD. In patients with MPHD, these markers cannot reliably predict individual fertility.

High-fat diet (HFD) consumption and being exposed to daily psychological stress, common environmental factors in modern lifestyle, play an important role in metabolic disorders such as glucose homeostasis impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HFD and psychological stress combination on metabolic response to chronic psychological stress in male rats.

Longer duration of T2DM, HbA1c >7%, physical inactivity and insulin use were all independently associated with the presence of DR. Furthermore, a secondary or higher educational level and obesity demonstrated independent and inverse associations with the development of DR.

We assessed whether the prevalence and characteristics of headache in patients with sellar tumours differ from the general population and investigated the effect of tumour resection on this complaint. Our study showed that more than half of patients with sellar tumours suffer from at least once-monthly headaches, and both regular headache occurrence and impact are higher compared with controls. The more pronounced decrease in headache complaints in patients versus controls at postoperative follow-up suggests an additional effect of tumour resection next to the factor time.

Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) in developing countries often are difficult to manage. The healthcare systems are often not equipped to conduct the culture and the sensitivity tests required for prescribing a targeted antibiotic treatment. We evaluate antibiotic stewardship programmes for DFIs, at every level of health care, with an emphasis on resource-poor settings such as in Africa.

Consumption of Pistacia atlantica oleoresin by patients with diabetes mellitus can improve the metabolic conditions of these patients in terms of blood sugar and lipid profile. However, this difference was not statistically significant. However, the mean changes in blood pressure before and after the intervention in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group.

The first retrospective study from the Sultanate of Oman to assess PD-1/PDL-1 ICI-induced endocrinopathies. The most common endocrine adverse event is thyroid dysfunction. Less common but more serious adverse events include hypophysitis, primary adrenal insufficiency and Type I diabetes which physicians should be aware of.

This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess the rate and predictors of iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism, a common complication of thyroid surgery. Among the 343 patients who underwent thyroidectomy, 37.9% developed hypoparathyroidism, with a significant association found between extensive combined lymph node dissection and its development. Permanent hypoparathyroidism was observed in 11.66% of the patients, highlighting the need for further research to understand the risk factors and improve management strategies for this condition. The study underscores the importance of careful monitoring and effective treatment for patients undergoing thyroid surgery.

The standard multiple regression model, which incorporated mitochondrial biomarkers such as cytochrome c, acylcarnitine and citrate synthase, accounted for 72.2% of the variability in insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). This finding emphasises the significant impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on insulin resistance and diabetes.

The FTO rs9939609 and rs1421085 are associated to an increased risk of obesity among children and adolescents.

The study evaluates Karanjin from Pongamia pinnata as a potential therapeutic for diabetes through in silico analysis. Karanjin showed promising ADMET properties, strong binding energies and stability in molecular dynamics simulation, especially with pancreatic alpha-amylase (3L2M), suggesting its potential for diabetes management.

Vitamin D3 possesses antioxidant properties and reduces inflammation; as a result, it reduces insulin resistance and intracellular oxidative stress. In our study, vitamin D level had a positive correlation with FRAP and HSP, but had a negative correlation with AOPP. Therefore, vitamin D supplementation can be considered as an effective therapeutic intervention in diabetes control.