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Fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) live in urban and suburban areas across parts of North America. They are active year round, consuming a variety of seeds, nuts, and fruits, and seem to thrive in areas with high levels of human activity. Photograph taken on the campus of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA) and reproduced by permission of Ben Dantzer.

Animals in cities are often more tolerant of humans than their counterparts in rural areas. Whether or not animals in cities are also less fearful of natural predators is less certain. We show that fox squirrels in urban areas are more tolerant of humans compared to those in less urban areas but they still exhibit strong anti-predator behavioral responses to stimuli from natural predators (hawks and dogs).