COVER ILLUSTRATION Graph theory analysis reveals enhanced strength centrality in the left amygdala of vocalists and pianists, which indicates a high degree of interconnectivity between the left amygdala and other brain regions. This suggests that long-term musical training has effects on experiencedependent neuroplasticity in the amygdala-centered networks, which is a generic function while performing musical arts.

The objective of this article is to construct brain templates for different age groups using magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and for analyzing structural and functional characteristics of the brain. We constructed brain templates using artificial intelligence registration for normal subjects from 18 to 82 year's old, and we believe the age-specific MRI brain templates are beneficial to neurological researches by capturing anatomical changes.

We showed a high probability of positive correlations between cortical excitability and task-related hemodynamic responses. This study also demonstrated the power of the Bayesian data analysis dealing with relatively high variability and small sample size data while providing informative inferences.

The classification model that distinguished PD patients from HCs (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.897) showed the most significant imaging characteristics in the putamen and precentral gyrus. The other prediction model that evaluated the degree of future deterioration of motor symptoms in PD patients (AUC = 0.916) showed the most significant imaging characteristics in the superior occipital gyrus and caudate nucleus. Furthermore, the increased regional function in bilateral caudate nuclei was correlated with the lower annual increase in motor deficits in all PD patients.

The current study examined the effect of amplitude-modulated tACS on phosphene perception. The results showed that the amplitude-modulating frequency increased the phosphene threshold and overrode the carrier frequency by changing the frequency function of flashing perception. This study, therefore, suggests amplitude modulation as a critical neural cross-frequency-coupling format in visual perception.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3)-associated motor and nonmotor symptoms are possibly related not only to intracerebellar changes but also to disruption of the connectivity within these cerebello-cerebral circuits. The present study aimed to identify cerebello-cerebral functional connectivity alterations and associations with downstream clinical phenotypes and upstream topographic markers of cerebellar neurodegeneration in patients with SCA3.

Electroencephalography (EEG) was measured in 135 school-age children (70 with first-episode ADHD and 65 matched typical developing children) to directly investigate the target localization during spatial attention through univariate ERP analysis and the information-based multivariate pattern machine learning analysis. Our study reveals imprecise and delayed neural representations of target locations predict impaired selective attention in children with ADHD, which provides the first neural evidence that increased neural noise and chaotic neural responses are fundamental deficits of the neurodevelopmental disorder.

Self-deception occurs in the effortless cheating opportunity context. The amplitude of the frontal slow wave reflects self-deceiving tendencies. Self-deception displays alterations in the amPFC activity patterns.

Brain morphometry can be derived reliably from contrast-enhanced MRI using DL+DiReCT, a deep learning-based morphometry tool. Making MR images acquired for clinical examinations with a contrast agent accessible for quantitative analysis is of interest for retrospective studies and potential future diagnostic support tools.

This study firstly applied fNIRS hyperscanning to investigate the neurobiological mechanism of “patient”–acupuncturist interaction during acupuncture stimuli in a naturalistic clinical setting. The results identified the increase of INS between “patient” and acupuncturist, and found that PFC was important to the interaction of “patient”–acupuncturist. This study deepen our understanding on the patient–acupuncturist interaction, and provided a novel experimental approach for future studies on acupuncture mechanism.

We confirmed the reversibility of cognitive impairment and NV decoupling in patients with ESRD after a single hemodialysis session, highlighting the potential value of NV coupling as an objective and physiologic biomarker of brain dysfunction in ESRD. Anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, ultrafiltration volume, and SBP variance could potentially play a critical role in the reversibility of NV decoupling and cognitive impairment.

Visual background stimuli reduce smooth pursuit accuracy and are associated with enhanced brain activity in a widespread occipito-parieto-frontal brain network. Faster targets similarly reduce smooth pursuit performance but yield enhanced BOLD response only in visual cortex and lateral frontal eye fields. Functional connectivity analyses confirmed the interactions amongst components of the SPEM network but did not yield differences between task conditions.

The exploration of hypoxia-induced dOHb as a noninvasive contrast agent for cerebral perfusion imaging with magnetic resonance imaging.

We explored the reliability and validity of the mixed-membership algorithm for discovering biologically plausible overlapping network architectures in group-level human resting-state functional connectivity data. These overlapping networks show widespread multiple network membership across regions, indicating that we need to reconsider existing network models of cognition to account for these areas of overlap.

We provide evidence for independent representational contents in inhibitory control subprocesses associated with frontoparietal cortices. The results provide insights into a new level of complexity underlying inhibitory control processes. We provide a blueprint how a concatenation of EEG signal analysis methods, capturing distinct aspects of neural dynamics, can be connected to cognitive science theory on the importance of representations in action control.

Asymmetric information flow underlies language lateralization in children and adults. The left hemisphere increasingly drives the language networks, while the right hemisphere appears to suppress information flow.

We investigated for the first time functional connectivity abnormalities in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in Parkinson's disease on a relatively large sample. Overlapping and distinct dysconnectivity profiles of dorsal and median raphe are observed in Parkinson's disease. Common and unique roles of dorsal and median raphe on motor and nonmotor symptoms are observed in Parkinson's disease.

Behavioral variant of the frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) specific metabolic brain pattern (bFDRP) is a robust metabolic biomarker validated on three different populations. Its internal structure is characterized by prominent network disruption and inefficient information transfer in bvFTD patients. Despite overlapping with the default mode network, bFDRP is an independent network with highly reproducible changes.

Image-based meta-analyses were conducted to explore abnormal functional connectivity (FC) of the amygdala in multiple frequency bands based on the public multisite data. This study found that there were frequency-specific FC alterations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which were reflected in the slow-5 frequency band rather than slow-4 and conventional bands. Morever, deep learning within different frequency bands exhibited distinct classification effects for ASD.

Using multicenter RS-fMRI datasets under EC and EO conditions and a single-session rTMS modulation dataset, this study provides evidence of the superiority of Wavelet-ALFF (especially db2-ALFF) over FFT-ALFF in improving reliability and validity and increasing statistical significance. Therefore, db2-ALFF may offer a powerful metric for inspecting regional spontaneous brain activities in future studies.

We examined the out-of-sample predictions of previously developed brain age models, which were chosen based on the size and diversity of their training data. Broadly speaking, no single model was uniformly better across all test samples or facets of generalizability. The largest limitations affecting generalizability were scanner-related variance and biased brain age predictions.

Our study presented a generative adversarial network constrained multiple loss autoencoder (GANCMLAE) model for the detection of individual atrophy patterns based on structural magnetic resonance imaging data. Experiments on two independent cohorts of participants showed that the residual maps from GANCMLAE model may serve as an effective tool to achieve precisely individualized atrophy detection and have potential for clinical applications.

Zhukovsky et al. show that connectivity of the posterior medial default mode network with frontoparietal areas mediates the relationship between amyloid-beta levels and episodic memory. In contrast, education was associated with different functional connectivity patterns.

Our work addresses the role of β (13–30 Hz) neural oscillations in the primary motor cortex (M1) for motor vigor. We found that β-rhTMS modulated neural oscillations in the sensorimotor area and induced a significant decrease in peak force rate.

Cognitive-relevant information is processed by different brain areas that cooperate to eventually produce a response. Here, we develop a novel analytical framework (named “local–global” framework) to statistically correlate the signal power in every recorded gray-matter region (intracranial electroencephalography) with the widespread connectivity fluctuations as proxy to identify concurrent local and global activity that may plausibly reflect a common functional network during cognition. The application of the local–global framework to the data from three subjects with different recorded areas showed similar connectivity fluctuations, which were mainly coupled to local activity of brain areas involved in the task.

Total duration during the timed up and go test and stride velocity during cognitive-DT circular walking are sensitive measures to evaluate gait disturbances in mild-to-moderate multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients with MS have impaired dynamic balance control and multitask processing correlating with regional cortical thinning and microstructural damage in major white matter tracts, involving the functions of the default mode network, ventral attention network, and frontoparietal network.

We have developed an unsupervised physiological noise correction method using the information carried in the phase and the magnitude of echo-planar imaging data. We demonstrate that the physiological signal time courses identified with Physiological Regressor Estimation from Phase and mAgnItude, sub-tR (PREPAIR) not only agree well with those from external devices, but also retrieve challenging cardiac dynamics.

Interactions of brain structure changes and six life environment factors may play important roles in the development of depression and anxiety.

Analysis of the brain network fingerprint in patients with Parkinson's disease, and correlation of brain identifiability features with the subject-specific motor impairment.

A systematic review of the literature and pooled effect size and activation likelihood estimates meta-analyses revealed lower cerebral metabolic rates of glucose for older versus younger adults. Older adults showed hypometabolism primarily in the frontal and temporal lobes and in specific sub-regions of the left and right inferior frontal and superior temporal gyri, insula, and inferior temporal junction.

Continuous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback may benefit from the short repetition times of modern multiband echoplanar imaging sequences to minimize feedback delay. Here, we report a technical problem we experienced during continuous fMRI neurofeedback with multiband echoplanar imaging and short repetition times. We share our thoughts on the possible origins of this problem, describe our current interim solution and provide openly available workflows and code to other researchers wishing to use a similar approach.