REVIEW ARTICLE
Thermal and nonthermal pretreatment methods for the extraction of anthocyanins: A review
Giroon Ijod,
Farah Nurhusna Musa,
Farooq Anwar,
Norhidayah Suleiman,
Noranizan Mohd Adzahan,
Ezzat Mohamad Azman,
Giroon Ijod
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorFarah Nurhusna Musa
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorFarooq Anwar
Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorNorhidayah Suleiman
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorNoranizan Mohd Adzahan
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ezzat Mohamad Azman
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Correspondence
Ezzat Mohamad Azman, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorGiroon Ijod,
Farah Nurhusna Musa,
Farooq Anwar,
Norhidayah Suleiman,
Noranizan Mohd Adzahan,
Ezzat Mohamad Azman,
Giroon Ijod
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorFarah Nurhusna Musa
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorFarooq Anwar
Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorNorhidayah Suleiman
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorNoranizan Mohd Adzahan
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ezzat Mohamad Azman
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Correspondence
Ezzat Mohamad Azman, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Functional plant bioactive such as polyphenols have drawn greater interest for researchers, food industries, and consumers. Anthocyanins are popular due to its high antioxidant activity and nutra-pharmaceutical potential. As the demand for anthocyanins grows, exploring and acknowledging applications of various conventional and nonconventional means of anthocyanin extraction is important. Conventional extraction methods have some limitations in the context that these are most time-consuming, tedious, and less cost-effective as well as offer lower extraction yield and selectivity. Therefore, to encounter the limitations mentioned, pretreatments including thermal and nonthermal are applied to plant materials prior to the conventional bioactive extraction process. Thermal pretreatments include blanching, ultrasonication, microwave, and ohmic heating (OH); meanwhile, examples of nonthermal pretreatment are enzymatic, high-pressure processing (HPP), and pulsed electric field (PEF). This review is an attempt to critically summarize the applications of various pretreatment methods for improving the extraction rates and yields of anthocyanins from plant materials.
Novelty impact statement
Overall, ohmic heating (OH) appeared as the best thermal pretreatment prior to anthocyanins conventional extraction method due to rapid heating and low energy consumption. On the other hand, the most efficient nonthermal pretreatment method is high-pressure processing (HPP) due to its rapid process, as well as successfully inactivate the microbial and enzyme activities.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
All data have been provided within the article.
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