Study on extraction, isolation, and biological activity of saponins from quinoa bran
Minghui Tan
College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Qingsheng Zhao
Division of Green Biochemical Process, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Correspondence
Qingsheng Zhao and Bing Zhao, Division of Green Biochemical Process, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North 2nd Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorXiaodong Wang
Division of Green Biochemical Process, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Bing Zhao
Division of Green Biochemical Process, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Correspondence
Qingsheng Zhao and Bing Zhao, Division of Green Biochemical Process, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North 2nd Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorMinghui Tan
College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Qingsheng Zhao
Division of Green Biochemical Process, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Correspondence
Qingsheng Zhao and Bing Zhao, Division of Green Biochemical Process, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North 2nd Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorXiaodong Wang
Division of Green Biochemical Process, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Bing Zhao
Division of Green Biochemical Process, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Correspondence
Qingsheng Zhao and Bing Zhao, Division of Green Biochemical Process, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North 2nd Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) contains 2 to 5% of saponins, which are mainly exist in the bran of seeds in the form of oleanane-type triterpenoid glycosides or sapogenins. In this study, the extraction process of total saponins from quinoa bran has been optimized. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for quinoa saponins were extraction time of 2 h, ethanol concentration of 70%, solid–liquid ratio of 1:25 (g/ml), and extraction temperature of 70°C. Macroporous resin separation test demonstrated that HPD600 resin had an excellent adsorption and desorption capacities for the separation of quinoa saponins. The antioxidant experiment demonstrated that the EC50 of quinoa saponins against DPPH-free radical, ABTS-free radical, ·OH-free radical, and O2−-free radical were 0.10, 0.51, 0.57, and 0.17 mg/ml, respectively. The scavenging effect of the saponins on O2−-free radical was stronger than that of Vc. The reducing power was equivalent to 1.28% of that of Vc. The anticancer test showed that when the concentration of quinoa saponins was 0.5 mg/ml, the inhibitory rate on HepG-2 cell was 58%. This study contributes to further exploration on the biological activities of quinoa saponin.
Novelty impact statement
- A macroporous resin suitable for separating quinoa saponins was screened.
- The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of quinoa saponins on HPD600 were studied.
- The in vitro biological activities of quinoa saponins were studied.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Author elects to not share data.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| jfpp17155-sup-0001-SupinfoS1.docxWord 2007 document , 1 MB |
Supinfo S1 |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
REFERENCES
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
- Chen, Y., & Zhang, D. (2014). Adsorption kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics studies of flavones from vaccinium Bracteatum Thunb leaves on NKA-2 resin. Chemical Engineering Journal, 254, 579–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.120
- Cho, Y. N., Saravana, P. S., David, N., & Chun, B. S. (2020). Biofunctional properties of wild cultivated and cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) extracts obtained using subcritical water extraction. Separation Science and Technology, 56(8), 1370–1382. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2020.1781893
- Dini, I., Schettino, O., Simioli, T., & Dini, A. (2001). Studies on the constituents of Chenopodium quinoa seeds: Isolation and characterization of new triterpene saponins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 741–746. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000971y
- Dong, S., Yang, X., Zhao, L., Zhang, F., Hou, Z., & Xue, P. (2020). Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action saponins from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Husks against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Industrial Crops and Products, 149, 112350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112350
- Estrada, A., Li, B., & Laarveld, B. (1998). Adjuvant action of Chenopodium quinoa saponins on the induction of antibody responses to intragastric and intranasal administered antigens in mice. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 21(3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-9571(97)00030-1
- Fan, S., Li, J., & Bai, B. (2019). Purification, structural elucidation and in vivo immunity-enhancing activity of polysaccharides from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 83(12), 2334–2344. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2019.1650635
- Fu, C., Zhang, W., Wu, Z., Chen, P., Hui, A., Zheng, Y., Li, H., & Xu, K. (2019). A novel process for scopolamine separation from Hindu datura extracts by liquid–liquid extraction, macroporous resins, and crystallization. Separation Science and Technology, 55(5), 922–931. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1578802
- Gomez-Caravaca, A. M., Segura-Carretero, A., Fernandez-Gutierrez, A., & Caboni, M. F. (2011). Simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds and saponins in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) by a liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry methodology. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(20), 10815–10825. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf202224j
- Gordillo-Bastidas, E., & Díaz-Rizzolo, D. (2016). Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), from nutritional value to potential health benefits: An integrative review. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences, 6(3), 1000497. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000497
10.4172/2155?9600.1000497 Google Scholar
- Hazzam, K. e., Hafsa, J., Sobeh, M., Mhada, M., & Yasri, A. (2020). An insight into saponins from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd): A review. Molecules, 25(5), 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051059
- Herrera, T., Hierro, J. N. D., Fornari, T., Reglero, G., & Martin, D. (2019). Acid hydrolysis of saponin-rich extracts of quinoa, lentil, fenugreek and soybean to yield sapogenin-rich extracts and other bioactive compounds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(6), 3157–3167. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9531
- Hu, Y., Zhang, J., Zou, L., Fu, C., Li, P., Zhao, G. (2017). Chemical characterization, antioxidant, immune-regulating and anticancer activities of a novel bioactive polysaccharide from Chenopodium quinoa seeds. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 99, 622-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.019
- Huang, L., Shen, M., Zhang, X., Jiang, L., Song, Q., & Xie, J. (2018). Effect of high-pressure microfluidization treatment on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from Mesona chinensis Benth. Carbohydrate Polymers, 200, 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.087
- Jia, G., & Lu, X. (2008). Enrichment and purification of madecassoside and asiaticoside from Centella asiatica extracts with macroporous resins. Journal of Chromatography A, 1193(1–2), 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.024
- Jia, W., Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., Ma, S., & Di, D. (2019). Separation and purification of resveratrol from Polygonum cuspidatum by macroporous adsorption resin mixed-bed techology. Separation Science and Technology, 55(8), 1473–1484. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1604755
- Kacar, A., Avunduk, S., Omuzbuken, B., Aykin, E. (2018). Biocidal activities of a triterpenoid saponin and flavonoid extracts from the Erica manipuliflora salisb. against microfouling bacteria. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Science, 2, 40–46.
- Kuljanabhagavad, T., Thongphasuk, P., Chamulitrat, W., & Wink, M. (2008). Triterpene saponins from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Phytochemistry, 69(9), 1919–1926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.001
- Kumpun, S., Maria, A., Crouzet, S., Evrard-Todeschi, N., Girault, J.-P., & Lafont, R. (2011). Ecdysteroids from Chenopodium quinoa Willd., an ancient Andean crop of high nutritional value. Food Chemistry, 125(4), 1226–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.039
- Leung, P. H., Zhao, S., Ho, K. P., & Wu, J. Y. (2009). Chemical properties and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from mycelial culture of cordyceps sinensis fungus cs-HK1. Food Chemistry, 114(4), 1251–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.081
- Li, T., Li, S., Dong, Y., Zhu, R., & Liu, Y. (2014). Antioxidant activity of penta-oligogalacturonide, isolated from haw pectin, suppresses triglyceride synthesis in mice fed with a high-fat diet. Food Chemistry, 145, 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.036
- Li, X. (2012). Improved pyrogallol autoxidation method: A reliable and cheap superoxide-scavenging assay suitable for all antioxidants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(25), 6418–6424. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204970r
- Li, Z., Zhang, J., Wu, Y., Zhan, Y., & Chang, X. (2020). Adsorption and desorption studies of betaxanthin from yellow beet onto macroporous resins. Separation Science and Technology, 56(14), 2327–2337. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2020.1826966
- Liang, L., Liu, G., Yu, G., Song, Y., & Li, Q. (2019). Simultaneous decoloration and purification of crude oligosaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) by macroporous adsorbent resin. Food Chemistry, 277, 744–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.138
- Liu, B., Dong, B., Yuan, X., Guo, Y., Zhang, L., & Zhao, B. (2017). Simultaneous detoxification and preparative separation of chlorogenic acid from Eupatorium adenophorum by combined column chromatography. Separation Science and Technology, 52(6), 1114–1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2017.1281300
- Liu, B., Dong, B., Yuan, X., Kuang, Q., Zhao, Q., Yang, M., Liu, J., & Zhao, B. (2016). Enrichment and separation of chlorogenic acid from the extract of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng by macroporous resin. Journal of Chromatography B, 1008, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.026
- Madl, T., Sterk, H., Mittelbach, M., & Rechberger, G. N. (2006). Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of a complex triterpene saponin mixture of Chenopodium quinoa. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 17(6), 795–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2006.02.013
- Medina-Meza, I. G., Aluwi, N. A., Saunders, S. R., & Ganjyal, G. M. (2016). GC-MS profiling of triterpenoid saponins from 28 quinoa varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) grown in Washington state. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(45), 8583–8591. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02156
- Mi, Y., Xiao, C., Du, Q., Wu, W., Qi, G., & Liu, X. (2016). Momordin Ic couples apoptosis with autophagy in human hepatoblastoma cancer cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 90, 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.022
- Mizui, F., Kasai, R., Ohtani, K., & Tanaka, O. (1990). Saponins from bran of quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd. II. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 38(2), 375–377. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.38.375
- Pang, Y., Ahmed, S., Xu, Y., Beta, T., Zhu, Z., Shao, Y., & Bao, J. (2018). Bound phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of whole grain and bran of white, red and black rice. Food Chemistry, 240, 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.095
- Pradeep, P. M., & Sreerama, Y. N. (2018). Phenolic antioxidants of foxtail and little millet cultivars and their inhibitory effects on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activities. Food Chemistry, 247, 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.103
- Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26, 1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
- Sandhu, A. K., & Gu, L. (2013). Adsorption/desorption characteristics and separation of anthocyanins from muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) juice pomace by use of macroporous adsorbent resins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(7), 1441–1448. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3036148
- Shen, C., Wang, T., Zhang, X., & Jiang, J. (2017). Various antioxidant effects were attributed to different components in the dried blossoms of Citrus aurantium L. var. Amara Engl. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(30), 6087–6092. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02244
- Vega-Galvez, A., Miranda, M., Vergara, J., Uribe, E., Puente, L., & Martinez, E. A. (2010). Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.), an ancient Andean grain: A review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(15), 2541–2547. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4158
- Wang, F., Ma, X., & Qu, L. (2021). Combined application of macroporous resins and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography for the separation of steroidal saponins from stems and leaves of Paris polyphylla. Chromatographia, 84(10), 917–925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-021-04073-4
- Wang, J., Han, Y., Wang, M., Zhao, Q., Chen, X., & Liu, X. (2020). Natural triterpenoid saponin Momordin Ic suppresses HepG2 cell invasion via COX-2 inhibition and PPARγ activation. Toxicology in Vitro, 65, 104784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104784
- Wang, J., Liu, Q., Xiao, H., Luo, X., & Liu, X. (2019). Suppressive effects of Momordin Ic on HepG2 cell migration and invasion by regulating MMP-9 and adhesion molecules: Involvement of p38 and JNK pathways. Toxicology in Vitro, 56, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2019.01.007
- Wang, L., Liu, F., Wang, A., Yu, Z., Xu, Y., & Yang, Y. (2017). Purification, characterization and bioactivity determination of a novel polysaccharide from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seeds. Food Hydrocolloids, 66, 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.12.003
- Woldemichael, G. M., & Wink, M. (2001). Identification and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins from Chenopodium quinoa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(5), 2327–2332. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0013499
- Xiong, Q., Zhang, Q., Zhang, D., Shi, Y., Jiang, C., & Shi, X. (2014). Preliminary separation and purification of resveratrol from extract of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) sprouts by macroporous adsorption resins. Food Chemistry, 145, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.140
- Yao, Y., Shi, Z., & Ren, G. (2014). Antioxidant and immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharides from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15(10), 19307–19318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151019307
- You, L., Gao, Q., Feng, M., Yang, B., Ren, J., Gu, L., Cui, C., & Zhao, M. (2013). Structural characterisation of polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake and their antioxidant and antitumour activities. Food Chemistry, 138(4), 2242–2249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.140
- Zhao, Z., Dong, L., Wu, Y., & Lin, F. (2011). Preliminary separation and purification of rutin and quercetin from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold extracts by macroporous resins. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 89(4), 266–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2010.11.001
- Zhou, Y., Gao, X., Fu, Q., Guo, P., Xu, X., Zhang, T., Ge, Y., Zhang, B., Wang, M., Zeng, A., Luo, Z., & Chang, C. (2017). Enrichment of total steroidal saponins from the extracts of Trillium tschonoskii maxim by macroporous resin and the simultaneous determination of eight steroidal saponins in the final product by HPLC. Journal of Separation Science, 40(5), 1115–1124. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201600884
