Multiple responses optimization of antioxidative components extracted from distiller's grains using response surface methodology and identify their chemical compositions
Jie Yang
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorZhenzhen Zhang
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software
Search for more papers by this authorXiaoyuan Ding
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Methodology, Software
Search for more papers by this authorXiaoqing Chen
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Software
Search for more papers by this authorChenyang Yin
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorEndong Yang
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorDongdong Sun
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorWeiyun Wang
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Conceptualization, Resources
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Feng Guo
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Correspondence
Feng Guo, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Resources
Search for more papers by this authorJie Yang
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorZhenzhen Zhang
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software
Search for more papers by this authorXiaoyuan Ding
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Methodology, Software
Search for more papers by this authorXiaoqing Chen
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Software
Search for more papers by this authorChenyang Yin
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorEndong Yang
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorDongdong Sun
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorWeiyun Wang
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Contribution: Conceptualization, Resources
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Feng Guo
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Correspondence
Feng Guo, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Resources
Search for more papers by this authorJie Yang and Zhenzhen Zhang contributed equally to this work.
Abstract
Distiller's grains are a waste product in the Baijiu brewing that contains many bioactive ingredients. However, few studies on the active ingredients and biological in distillers' grains. Therefore, it is promising to study the utilization of bioactive substances in distiller's grains. In our present study, an ultrasonic-assisted method was applied to extract antioxidative components from distiller's grains. Four factors: ethanol concentration, liquid–solid ratio, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power were selected, and multiple responses were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of factors and the correlation between all responses (flavonoids content, DPPH assay, OH- assay) were investigated. The regression model indicated that all factors have significant effects on all responses. The model predicted a flavonoid yield of 6.53 mg/g, DPPH-RSC of 90.00%, and OH-RSC of 55.03% at an ethanol concentration of 69%, a liquid–solid ratio of 35 ml/g, an extraction temperature of 61℃, and a power of 300 W. The confirmation test showed the closeness of the predicted results with those of experimental values. The distiller's grains was separated by LH20 glucan gel, and total flavonoid content of 79.4% was obtained. LC-HRMS analyzed the compounds, and 24 compounds, including 7 flavonoids, were identified successfully.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| jfpp15885-sup-0001-TableS1-S3.docxWord document, 24.3 KB | Table S1-S3 |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
REFERENCES
- Alberti, A., Zielinski, A. A. F., Zardo, D. M., Demiate, I. M., Nogueira, A., & Mafra, L. I. (2014). Optimisation of the extraction of phenolic compounds from apples using response surface methodology. Food Chemistry, 149(APR.15), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.086
- Aylanc, V., Eskin, B., Zengin, G., Dursun, M., & Cakmak, Y. S. (2020). In vitro studies on different extracts of fenugreek (Trigonella spruneriana BOISS.): Phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibition potential. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(11), e13463. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13463
- Bircan, C., & Yılmaz, F. M. (2019). Sesame bran as an unexploited by-product: Effect of enzyme and ultrasound-assisted extraction on the recovery of protein and antioxidant compounds. Food Chemistry, 283, 637–645.
- Bloxham, D. J., Dove, R., & Azain, M. J. (2014). Effect of wheat and wheat with corn distillers grain on growth performance in nursery pigs. Paper presented at the 2014 ADSA-ASAS-CSAS Joint Annual Meeting.
- Branca, C., & Blasi, C. D. (2015). Thermogravimetric analysis of the combustion of dry distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) and pyrolysis char under kinetic control. Fuel Processing Technology, 129, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.08.019
- Chen, S., Zhi, Z., Na, H., Bo, B., Wang, H., & Suo, Y. (2018). Simultaneous optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction for phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. fruit using response surface methodology. Food Chemistry, 242(MAR.1), 1–8.
- Derose, K., Liu, F., Davis, R. W., Simmons, B. A., & Quinn, J. C. (2019). Conversion of Distiller's grains to renewable fuels and high value protein: integrated techno-economic and life cycle assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(17). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03273
- Enujiugha, V. N., Talabi, J. Y., Malomo, S. A., & Olagunju, A. I. (2012). DPPH radical scavenging capacity of phenolic extracts from African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa). Food and Nutritional Sciences, 3(1), 7–13.
10.4236/fns.2012.31002 Google Scholar
- España-Gamboa, E., Mijangos-Cortes, J., Barahona-Perez, L., Dominguez-Maldonado, J., Hernández-Zarate, G., & Alzate-Gaviria, L. (2011). Vinasses: Characterization and treatments. Waste Management & Research the Journal of the International Solid Wastes & Public Cleansing Association Iswa, 29(12), 1235–1250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X10387313
- Ghavi, P. P. (2015). Modeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from the roots of althaea officinalis. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 39(6), 2107–2118. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.12454
- Ghosh, S., Derle, A., Ahire, M., More, P., Jagtap, S., Phadatare, S. D., Patil, A. B., Jabgunde, A. M., Sharma, G. K., Shinde, V. S., Pardesi, K., Dhavale, D. D., & Chopade, B. A. (2013). Phytochemical analysis and free radical scavenging activity of medicinal plants Gnidia glauca and Dioscorea bulbifera. PLoS One, 8(12), e82529. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082529
- Goh, H., Khairudin, K., Sukiran, N. A., Baharum, S. N., & Normah, M. N. (2016). Metabolite profiling reveals temperature effects on the VOCs and flavonoids of different plant populations. Plant Biology, 18(S1), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12403
- Guo, L., Zhu, W., Xu, F., Liu, M., Xie, Y., & Zhang, J. (2014). Optimized ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Cyclina sinensis and evaluation of antioxidant activities in vitro. CyTA - Journal of Food, 12(1), 32–39. http://10.1080/19476337.2013.785982
- He, B., Zhang, L. L., Yue, X. Y., Liang, J., Jiang, J., Gao, X. L., & Yue, P. X. (2016). Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins from blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) wine pomace. Food Chemistry, 204(aug.1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.094
- Huang, Y. S., & Ho, S. C. (2010). Polymethoxy flavones are responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus fruit peel. Food Chemistry, 119(3), 868–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.092
- Jiang, H. M., Wang, H., Wang, J., Dai, H. F., & Mei, W. L. (2015). Antibacterial components from artificially induced dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 40(20), 4002.
- Le, T., & Le, N. L. (2021). Antioxidant capacities and betacyanin lc-ms profile of red-fleshed dragon fruit juice (Hylocereus polyrhizus) extracted by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic treatment and optimized by response surface methodology. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 45(3), e15217. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15217
- Liu, M., Su, Y.-J., Lin, Y.-L., Wang, Z.-W., Gao, H.-M., Li, F., Wei, X.-Y., & Jiang, H.-L. (2018). Optimization of green extraction of anthocyanins from purple passion fruit peels by response surface methodology. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 42(10), e13756.13751-e13756.13758. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13756
- Maran, J. P., Manikandan, S., Nivetha, C. V., & Dinesh, R. (2017). Ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Nephelium lappaceum L. fruit peel using central composite face centered response surface design. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10(S1), S1145–S1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.007
- Marsh, D. T., Das, S., Ridell, J., & Smid, S. D. (2017). Structure-activity relationships for flavone interactions with amyloid β reveal a novel anti-aggregatory and neuroprotective effect of 2′,3′,4′-trihydroxyflavone (2–D08). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 25(14), 3827–3834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.041
- Mottaghipisheh, J., & Iriti, M. (2020). Sephadex LH-20, isolation, and purification of flavonoids from plant species: a comprehensive review. Molecules, 25(18), 4148. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184146
- Shao, Y., Qi-Nan, W. U., Zhou, J., Yue, W., & Chao, J. G. (2013). Protective effects of total flavones from Lophatherum gracile on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, 29(2), 241–247.
- Silva, C., Garrett, R., Rezende, C. M., & Silva, A. (2020). Comprehensive lipid analysis of green Arabica coffee beans by LC-HRMS/ MS. Food Research International, 137, 109727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109727
- Sun, J. K., Kwon, D. Y., Kim, Y. S., & Kim, Y. C. (2010). Peroxyl radical scavenging capacity of extracts and isolated components from selected medicinal plants. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 33(6), 867–873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-010-0609-3
- Tian, Y., Xu, Z., Zheng, B., & Lo, Y. M. (2013). Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 20(1), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.07.010
- Vuong, Q. V., Nguyen, V. T., Thanh, D. T., Bhuyan, D. J., Goldsmith, C. D., Sadeqzadeh, E., Scarlett, C. J., & Bowyer, M. C. (2015). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for euphol from the medicinal plant, Euphorbia tirucalli, using response surface methodology. Industrial Crops & Products, 63, 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.057
- Wang, J., Sun, B., Cao, Y., Yuan, T., & Li, X. (2014). Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from wheat bran. Food Chemistry, 106(2), 804–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.062
- Wei, W., Xin, Y., Yun, Z., & Cui, B. (2014). Optimized Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Osmanthus fragrans Lour. Residues. Advance Journal of Food Science & Technology, 6(5), 680–685.
10.19026/ajfst.6.93 Google Scholar
- Zhang, L., Jiang, Y., Pang, X., Hua, P., Gao, X., Li, Q., & Li, Z. (2019). Simultaneous optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction for flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Angelica keiskei using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Molecules, 24(19) 3461. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193461
- Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Dan, H. L., Liu, Y., Kan, H., & Zhao, P. (2017). Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from rose pedicles. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 52(3), 102–109.
- Zhang, Y., Zhu, X., Li, X., Tao, Y., Jia, J., & He, X. (2017). The process-related dynamics of microbial community during a simulated fermentation of Chinese strong-flavored liquor. Bmc Microbiology, 17(1), 196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-017-1106-3
- Zheng, X. W., & Han, B. Z. (2016). Baijiu, Chinese liquor: History, classification and manufacture. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 3(1), 19–25.
10.1016/j.jef.2016.03.001 Google Scholar
- Zhu, C. P., Zhai, X. C., Li, L. Q., Wu, X. X., & Bing, L. (2015). Response surface optimization of ultrasound-assisted polysaccharides extraction from pomegranate peel. Food Chemistry, 177(jun.15), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.022
