Trypanosoma cruzi induce, in ex vivo infected HPCVE, increases of TLR-2 and TLR-4 protein expression as well as of secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-10 and IL-8 (right panel). In contrast, Toxoplasma gondii induce increases of TLR-9 protein expression and IL-8 secretion (left panel). The differential TLR activation and cytokine/chemokine profile might explain, at least partially, the different susceptibility of the placenta to both parasites.