Findings suggest that inner and outer wall thickening coexists with airway inflammation, whereas airway smooth muscle and basement membrane remodelling may be partly independent of airway inflammation and therefore not reversible by anti-inflammatory treatment.

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Direct switch to indacaterol/glycopyrronium from salmeterol/fluticasone, without washout period, improved lung function in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with up to one exacerbation in the previous year without adverse consequences.

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Extracellular vesicles (EV: exosomes and microvesicles) in sarcoidosis bronchoalveolar lavage samples contained more EV miR-146a, miR-150 in chest X-ray stage-II (CXR-II) than in CXR stage-I (CXR-I); levels were negatively correlated to lung function indices. This study is the first to document bronchoalveolar vesicles containing differentially expressed extracellular microRNA (miRNA) in pulmonary sarcoidosis.

The present study examines the association of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and dyslipidaemia in the large multicentre European Sleep Apnea Database cohort. There was an independent relationship between OSA severity and lipid concentrations which was influenced by geographical region and measures of central obesity.

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