The proportion of Tregs is nearly twofold higher in exclusively breastfed neonates compared with those who received formula milk only. Breastfed neonates show a specific and Treg-dependent reduction in proliferative T-cell responses to non-inherited maternal antigens. Short chain fatty acid producing taxa (Veillonella and Gemella) are enriched in stool samples of exclusively breastfed neonates.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy inhibited pro-inflammatory CXCL8, IL24 and CCL26 mRNA expression in alveolar sputum cells. SCGB1A1 was induced in lower airway cells independently of the asthma status and allergen season. The epithelial type-2 (E2) cytokine IL-24 was reduced following 3 years of AIT-treatment, while SCGB1A1 was significantly increased and identified as a suppressor of epithelial gene expression.

Serum levels of STC1 were decreased in asthma and correlated with asthma control and lung function. STC1 was mainly expressed in the bronchial epithelium and intranasal administration of rhSTC1 reduced AHR and inflammation in mice. IL-13 suppressed STC1 release from 16HBE cells, whereas rhSTC1 blocked SOCE by suppressing STIM1 and further inhibited ASM cell contractility.

Electronic nose sensor fluctuations increased after a RV-16 challenge in asthmatic and healthy adults, more evidently in asthma. In asthma, the increase in eNose fluctuations occurred before the onset of cold-like symptoms. The magnitude of the change in eNose fluctuations was not correlated with FeNO and cold-like symptoms, but moderately correlated with pre- and post-challenge cytokine levels in asthma.

Using MALDI-TOF MS and MALDI-TOF MS/MS techniques, we identify more than 150 different N-glycans in the tear fluid, with Lewis^X epitopes playing a role in inflammation. There are distinct and unique N-glycome profiles in tear fluid from CTRL, VKC and AKC. Increased intensities of peaks refer to glycans from serotransferrin in VKC and AKC, and decreased intensity of peaks - to IgG and IgA in VKC and AKC compared to CTRLs.

Whole genome sequencing was used to search genome-wide for deleterious genetic variants that are differentially enriched in ADEH+compared to ADEH−and non-atopic controls. A gene-based comparison between cases and controls was used prioritize genes enriched for such variants to be followed up for functional validation. Functional validation reveals two genes: SIDT2 and RBBP8NL are involved in keratinocyte differentiation and responses against HSV-1 infection.

In this population-based prospective cohort study in Australia, we evaluate air pollution association with eczema and allergic sensitisation. After 10 years of follow-up, a 1.6 µg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 exposure is associated with increased odds of aeroallergen sensitisation in both sexes. In males, a 2.3 ppb increase in NO₂ is associated with increased odds of prevalent eczema and atopic eczema.

Uninfected HAE patients were assessed in QP and RTNP during COVID-19. A number of HAE attacks, in correlation with DASS-stress, DASS-anxiety, DASS-depression and FC-19 scores, were higher in QP than RTNP, whereas attack severity was not different. COVID-19 outbreak causes an increase in the number of HAE attacks in relation to anxiety, depression, stress and fear of COVID-19. Abbreviations: DASS, depression anxiety stress scale; FC-19, fear of Covid-19 scale; HAE, hereditary angioedema; NOA, number of attacks; QP, quarantine period; RTNP, return to normal period; VAS10, visual analogue scale.

Allergy was confirmed in the 12.4% of children reporting non-immediate reactions to beta-lactams. A shorter interval of days of treatment for reaction onset was found in DPT when comparing with the original reaction, but no differences were found regarding the percentage of experienced symptoms. Delayed reading-intradermal and lymphocyte transformation tests were positive in 13.33% and 52.9% of allergic children, respectively.

Bet v 1-allergic individuals show IgE cross-reactivity with allergens from Fagales. Sublingual immunotherapy with the reference allergen Bet v 1 induces individually diverse repertoires of cross-reactive IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies. The cross-blocking bioactivity of IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies is highly variable and not predictable from IgE-cross-reactivity.

Germline IgE antibodies were of low affinity to allergen. Low-affinity IgE antibodies are able to activate mast cells in vitro and in vivo via high-avidity binding. Allergen A induces specific high-affinity IgE antibodies, but with low affinity to allergen B, which could activate mast cells by high-avidity binding to IgE antibodies. Abbreviations: OD595, optical density 595 nm; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline.

This association study between HLA class-II alleles and specific IgE sensitization to a large panel of aeroallergens reveals 19 statistically significant associations, almost exclusively with pollen allergens. The strongest associations are found for mugwort Art v1, with DQB1*05:01, DQA1*01:01 and DRB1*01:01 alleles. HLA class-II alleles might be specifically associated with sensitization to seasonal allergens. Abbreviations: IgE, immunoglobin E; HLA, human leukocyte antigen.