We propose a strategy to identify customized ICA-templates for neuroimaging analyses based on matching a statistical brain map (e.g., functionally-labeled) to the best matching group-ICA component from the Human Connectome Project (a). This method yielded systematically stronger contribution of gray matter versus white matter voxels in 9/10 demo cases (b).

We simulated pairwise structural disconnections and compared two approaches of analyzing brain damage: unilateral lesions from both hemispheres together or separated by hemisphere. In contrast to the separate analyses, the joint analysis led to biased results: intra-hemispheric disconnections were statistically underpowered and therefore missed more often compared to inter-hemispheric disconnections.

Retinotopic maps derived using connective field mapping are robust to the detrimental effects of eye movements in conventional mapping experiments. Data collected while participants play an engaging video game can map the representation of the far peripheral visual field.

This work investigated genetic influence on low-frequency-oscillation-based functional connectivity in young males and female adults using a minimal assumption method (compared with standard ACE/ADE model approaches) with 65 monozygotic and 65 dizygotic twins' resting state functional MRI data. There was a high number of genetically-influenced posterior–posterior (visual/parietal/temporal) brain region functional connections, a low number of genetically-influenced posterior/anterior brain region functional connections, and a very low number across noncortical/subcortical regions at the population level. Males had greater genetic influence interplay across eDMN and TPNs than females, and had over 8.5-19.1 times more genetically influenced functional connections than females (with similar, although different proportionate trends across nonadditive genetics in the ACE/ADE model). These preliminary (young adult cohort specific) findings may suggest sex-specific individual differences in the functional connectivity of the resting state brain in terms of genetic influence in young adults. Furthermore, by employing the ACE/ADE model, it may be that environmental influences on individual differences are substantially greater than that of genetics, regardless of sex, notably frontally but brain-wide in general.

Using Human Connectome Project data, we build upon recent studies examining brain-based fingerprints of individual subjects and cognitive states based on cognitively-demanding tasks that assess, for example, working memory, theory of mind, and motor function. Our approach achieves accuracy of up to 99% for both identification of the subject of an fMRI scan, and for classification of the cognitive state of a previously unseen subject in a scan.

Lobule-specific contralesional atrophy as a surrogate of structural crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) was assessed in a group of 32 chronic stroke patients and healthy controls. Group comparisons revealed structural CCD of the whole cerebellum and particularly of lobules V and VI in stroke patients. The observed volume reduction of lobule VI was associated with higher levels of disability and motor deficits.

We explored the spatiotemporal alterations of both brain activity and connectivity in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) by using dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and dynamic functional connectivity, respectively. We also identified correlations between the abnormal dynamic brain activity in the left occipital area and the visual deficits in TAO patients.

GABA+ and Glx concentrations significantly decreased in the brain region of the media prefrontal cortex in patients with IBD. GABA+ mediates the main effect of the relationship between the structure/function alterations with the severity of depression in patients with IBD.

Our findings demonstrate a topological reorganization of the structural network occurs during the perinatal period that may prioritize the optimization of global network organization to form a more efficient architecture; and local topology is more vulnerable to premature birth related factors than global organization of the structural network.

The abnormal functional gradients and glucose metabolism pattern are highly similar in Parkinson's Disease. The functional-metabolic architecture was associated with genes of metabolic, catabolic, DNA and RNA transcription and biosynthesis processes. The visual and somatomotor networks are most influential on the association between functional-metabolic architecture and transcriptomic gene sets.

Deaf individuals may report difficulties in social interactions. However, whether these difficulties depend on deafness affecting social brain circuits is controversial. We found standard social brain activation in deaf individuals during communication based on signs and lip movements.

This study developed the machine learning models based on clinical-functional brain connectivity signature to predict acupuncture effects for functional dyspepsia. The good prediction performance kept highly stable in different algorithms and across samples from different sites.

This study demonstrated profound age-related changes on single-subject morphological brain networks across the adult lifespan that were mainly embodied in cortical thickness-based networks, involved in frontal regions and highly connected hubs, concentrated on short-range connections, characterized by linear changes, and susceptible to connections between limbic, frontoparietal and ventral attention networks.

Abnormal individualized peak FC and its association with autism symptoms in the right DLPFC support the use of individualized peak FC-guided precise rTMS treatment of male participants with ASD. Moreover, stimulating right DLPFC through individualized peak FC might alleviate symptoms of ASD.

In this study, we adopt the simple task-switching paradigm by creating switch and repeat blocks to analyze whole-brain activation and perform gPPI analysis, to further understand the neural mechanisms of impaired cognitive flexibility in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study found higher switch costs and slower response time in patients with OCD, suggesting that their cognitive inflexibility and strategy of pursuing accuracy at the expense of reaction time. The compensatory activity within the frontoparietal network (FPN) and alterations of interaction between FPN and default mode network may underlie the neural mechanism of difficulties in task switching.

We present a selection and targeting framework of cortical locations for ultrahigh spatio-temporal resolution line-scanning fMRI. This approach bridges canonical fMRI experiments with electrophysiological experiments and allows novel avenues for studying human physiology non-invasively.

A novel surface-based hippocampal approach combined with in vivo diffusion MRI revealed distinct microstructural variability across the hippocampal subfields and long-axis.

Children with ADHD showed atypical microstructure within the cortico-spinal tract (CST) at 10 years, regardless of motor ability later in life. These CST abnormalities persisted into adolescence when ADHD co-occurred with motor problems, yet resolved for those with ADHD alone. Maturation within motor networks may explain motor difficulties in ADHD.