COVER ILLUSTRATION Mesoscale diffusion tensor imaging reveals a unique insight into intra-hippocampal connectivity. Specific connections, such as Schaeffer collaterals and Mossy fibers, between cell layers can be quantified to investigate how pathologies, such as epilepsy, affect hippocampal connectivity.

The present results emphasize the role of dysregulations in striato-frontal circuits as shared pathological substrate across substance use disorders. In addition, the meta-analytic findings revealed for the first time evidence for robust substance-specific alterations in limbic-thalamo-frontal circuits that may contribute to substance-specific behavioral dysregulations and furthermore suggest that dysregulations in the domains of motivational and cognitive processes are mediated by separable brain systems.

In this work, we propose a new harmonization algorithm based on adaptive dictionary learning to mitigate the unwanted variability of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data sets associated with the scanning protocol. Our harmonization algorithm does not require paired training data sets, nor spatial registration or matching spatial resolution. Results show that the effect size of the four studied diffusion metrics is preserved while removing variability attributable to the scanner, while still reducing global variability at the same time.

The zona incerta (ZI) is a small gray matter region of the deep brain first identified in the 19th century, yet direct in vivo visualization and characterization has remained elusive. We demonstrate that high resolution longitudinal relaxometry measurements at high magnetic field strength (7 T) can be used to delineate the ZI from surrounding white matter structures. Our findings pave the way for increasingly detailed in vivo study and provide a structural foundation for precise functional and neuromodulatory investigation.

We evaluated whether common HTR2A single nucleotide polymorphisms rs6313, rs6314, rs7997012, and the 5-HTTLPR predict 5-HT2AR binding, assessed with [18F]altanserin and [11C]Cimbi-36 positron emission tomography in healthy individuals. This is the largest study to date evaluating genetic predictors of a human in vivo serotonin protein (n = 197). Although relative differences of up to 10% were detected, no statistically significant effect was observed. Our results do not support a significant contribution of these individual variants to genetic load on 5-HT2AR binding.

This prospective study investigated hemispheric resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) differences in the default-mode network (DMN) and fronto-parietal network (FPN) between patients with left- and right-hemispheric gliomas and healthy controls (LH PAT, RH PAT, HC), addressing asymmetry effects the tumor might have on network-specific intrinsic functional connectivity under consideration of the prognostically relevant isocitrate-dehydrogenase mutation status. Hemispheric RSFC in glioma patients varied depending on tumor hemisphere and investigated network, indicating a dissociation between tumor-related DMN- and FPN-RSFC changes. Hemispheric RSFC increases were not necessarily found to be beneficial for performance in terms of better performance measures in patients, but to vary depending on tumor side and cognitive demand, which seemed to be further altered by IDH-mutation status.

The current study is the first to demonstrate that brain activity during metacognitive (MC) monitoring, relative to the control task, increased in the left inferior frontal gyrus in 9- to 10- year-old children (n = 50). This brain activity further correlated with children's arithmetic development over a 3-year time period. These data are in line with the frequently suggested, yet never empirically tested, hypothesis that activity in the prefrontal cortex during arithmetic is related to the higher-order process of MC monitoring.

Brain regions related to working memory.

Berezutskaya et al. show that a distinct region within anterior dorsal precentral cortex tracks multiple auditory properties of perceived continuous speech. The region is distinct from the adjacent hand and mouth motor areas and has a unique role in speech processing.

To properly adjust for TBV, brain allometry—the nonlinear scaling relationship between regional volumes and TBV—was considered when examining subcortical volumetric differences between typically developing and ASD individuals. No robust subcortical allometric or volumetric group differences were observed in the entire sample across the univariate linear mixed effects models and the multivariate multiple group confirmatory factor analyses.

We assessed the causal role of DLPFC in both nonfatigued and fatigued effort-based decision making. Our findings indicate that in effort-based decisions DLPFC represents the capacity to exert mental effort as well as the updating of this information with enduring time-on-task.

The identification of internal globus pallidus (GP) sensorimotor territory has therapeutic implications in functional neurosurgery settings. This study is aimed at assessing the spatial coherence of striatopallidal, subthalamopallidal and pallidothalamic pathways by using tractography-derived connectivity-based parcellation. Our results suggest that the general topographical organization of connectivity parcels is highly consistent across the internal and external GP, regardless the bundle of interest, corroborating the hypothesis that different pathways, running parallel and in series to one other, may share the same spatial organization pattern. Indeed, we found high similarity among functionally homologous connectivity maps derived from the striatopallidal, subthalamopallidal and pallidothalamic tracts. In other words, we show neuroimaging evidences suggesting the presence of partially segregated yet integrated functional territories within the GP, derived from connectivity patterns that maintain a consistent topographical arrangement throughout the entire cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuitry.

Our study indicates age-related differences in T1w/T2w ratio throughout youth, in line with the known protracted myelination of the cortex. Moreover, the study supports T1w/T2w ratio as a promising surrogate measure of individual differences in intracortical brain structure in neurodevelopment.

Prematurity is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders. The functionality of endogenous activities may define the principles of their coalescence, according to which a fast activity conveying information is nested in a modulating slow wave. We precisely describe the existence of such a coalescence in very premature neonates, in terms of phase-amplitude coupling with a strict fine-tuning between temporal theta activities riding on a specific phase of slow waves. This study is unique in characterizing the intimate organization of the first neurobiomarker of the perisylvian areas involved, the disorganization of which is of potential predictive value for language disabilities

We investigated the utility of tailored measures of longitudinal change of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregions quantified from longitudinal structural MRI in tracking disease progression in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Experiment results showed that our longitudinal measurements are more sensitive to disease progression in preclinical AD compared to longitudinal cognitive (PACC, ADAS-Cog) and plasma NfL measures. Also, accelerated atrophy in preclinical AD seems to occur only in the presence of concomitant tau pathology. The proposed longitudinal measurements may serve as efficient outcome measures in clinical trials.

In this study, we identified regional brain-aging patterns linked to parity in 19,787 middle- and older-aged women. A higher number of previous childbirths were linked to less apparent brain aging in striatal and limbic regions. The strongest effect was found in the accumbens—a key region in the mesolimbic reward system, which plays an important role in maternal behavior.

In this study, we found that human neuroticism was correlated with functional connectivity in the ventral striatum and the neuroticism-functional connectivity density (FCD) correlations could be specifically explained by a major genetic component implicated in the chemical synaptic transmission pathway, circadian entrainment, long-term potentiation, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, and amphetamine addiction neurons. In the protein–protein interaction analysis, we identified several genes of G protein subunit gamma 10, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C, prodynorphin, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha as hub genes associated with neuroticism-related FCD map. These findings may improve our understanding of the genetic and neural substrates of human neuroticism.

Here, we study the neural responses to a visual stimulus using simultaneous positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. We find a significant association between anincrease in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the occipital cortex along and a decrease in [11C]AZ10419369 binding, suggesting synaptic serotonin (5-HT) release. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that simultaneous changes in CBF and 5-HT levels in response to physiological stimuli have been measured.