Exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance fracture healing through HIF-1α-mediated promotion of angiogenesis in a rat model.

The skin is a highly complex, sensory organ composed of three main layers: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis, and numerous cell types which interact to make up the neuro-immuno-cutaneous (NIC) system. The skin is a sensory organ, responding to various stimuli through orchestrated cellular and molecular signals. The NIC system involves cell-cell signalling and mediation from neuropeptides/neurotransmitters, cytokines and growth factors. HSEs, human skin equivalent; NIC, neuro-immuno-cutaneous.