Feasibility of dual-contrast fluorescence imaging of pathological breast tissues
Androniki Mitrou
Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorXin Feng
Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAshraf Khan
Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Anna N. Yaroslavsky
Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
Correspondence
Anna N. Yaroslavsky, Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAndroniki Mitrou
Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorXin Feng
Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAshraf Khan
Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Anna N. Yaroslavsky
Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
Correspondence
Anna N. Yaroslavsky, Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAndroniki Mitrou and Xin Feng contributed equally to this study.
Abstract
The combination of intravital dye, methylene blue (MB), with molecular cancer marker, pH low insertion peptide (pHLIP) conjugated with fluorescent Alexa532 (Alexa532-pHLIP), was evaluated for enhancing contrast of pathological breast tissue ex vivo. Fresh, thick breast specimens were stained sequentially with Alexa532-pHLIP and aqueous MB and imaged using dual-channel fluorescence microscopy. MB and Alexa532-pHLIP accumulated in the nuclei and cytoplasm of cancer cells, respectively. MB also stained nuclei of normal cells. Some Alexa532-pHLIP fluorescence emission was detected from connective tissue and benign cell membranes. Overall, Alexa532-pHLIP showed high affinity to cancer, while MB highlighted tissue morphology. The results indicate that MB and Alexa532-pHLIP provide complementary information and show promise for the detection of breast cancer.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available upon request.
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