Current status, pitfalls and future directions in the diagnosis and therapy of lymphatic malformation
Ravi W. Sun
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
Search for more papers by this authorValery V. Tuchin
Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov National Research State University, Saratov, Russia
Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
Laboratory of Femtomedicine, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Search for more papers by this authorVladimir P. Zharov
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ekaterina I. Galanzha
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (LLDT), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Correspondence
Gresham T. Richter, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, 800 Marshall St., S3109, Little Rock, AR 72207.Email: [email protected]
Ekaterina Galanzha, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis, and Therapy (LLDT), 904 Stephens Spine Center, Mail Slot # 543, 4104 Outpatient Circle, Little Rock, AR 72205. Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gresham T. Richter
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
Correspondence
Gresham T. Richter, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, 800 Marshall St., S3109, Little Rock, AR 72207.Email: [email protected]
Ekaterina Galanzha, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis, and Therapy (LLDT), 904 Stephens Spine Center, Mail Slot # 543, 4104 Outpatient Circle, Little Rock, AR 72205. Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRavi W. Sun
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
Search for more papers by this authorValery V. Tuchin
Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov National Research State University, Saratov, Russia
Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
Laboratory of Femtomedicine, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Search for more papers by this authorVladimir P. Zharov
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ekaterina I. Galanzha
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis and Therapy (LLDT), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Correspondence
Gresham T. Richter, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, 800 Marshall St., S3109, Little Rock, AR 72207.Email: [email protected]
Ekaterina Galanzha, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis, and Therapy (LLDT), 904 Stephens Spine Center, Mail Slot # 543, 4104 Outpatient Circle, Little Rock, AR 72205. Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gresham T. Richter
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
Correspondence
Gresham T. Richter, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, 800 Marshall St., S3109, Little Rock, AR 72207.Email: [email protected]
Ekaterina Galanzha, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Lymphatic Research, Diagnosis, and Therapy (LLDT), 904 Stephens Spine Center, Mail Slot # 543, 4104 Outpatient Circle, Little Rock, AR 72205. Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Lymphatic malformations are complex congenital vascular lesions composed of dilated, abnormal lymphatic channels of varying size that can result in significant esthetic and physical impairment due to relentless growth. Lymphatic malformations comprised of micro-lymphatic channels (microcystic) integrate and infiltrate normal soft tissue, leading to a locally invasive mass. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging assist in the diagnosis but are unable to detect microvasculature present in microcystic lymphatic malformations. In this review, we examine existing tools and elaborate on alternative diagnostic methods in assessing lymphatic malformations. In particular, photoacoustics, low-toxicity nanoparticles and optical clearing can overcome existing challenges in the examination of lymphatic channels in vivo. In combination with photothermal scanning and flow cytometry, Photoacoustic techniques may provide a versatile tool for lymphatic-related clinical applications, potentially leading to a single diagnostic and therapeutic platform to overcome limitations in current imaging techniques and permit targeted theranostics of microcystic lymphatic malformations.
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