ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Development of novel biodegradable water chestnut starch/PVA composite film. Evaluation of plasticizer effect over physical, barrier, and mechanical properties
Kishwar Zehra,
Anjum Nawab,
Feroz Alam,
Alina Hadi,
Mohib Raza,
Corresponding Author
Kishwar Zehra
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Correspondence
Kishwar Zehra, Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorAnjum Nawab
Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Contribution: Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorFeroz Alam
Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Contribution: Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation
Search for more papers by this authorAlina Hadi
Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Contribution: Investigation, Resources
Search for more papers by this authorMohib Raza
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorKishwar Zehra,
Anjum Nawab,
Feroz Alam,
Alina Hadi,
Mohib Raza,
Corresponding Author
Kishwar Zehra
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Correspondence
Kishwar Zehra, Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorAnjum Nawab
Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Contribution: Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorFeroz Alam
Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Contribution: Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation
Search for more papers by this authorAlina Hadi
Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Contribution: Investigation, Resources
Search for more papers by this authorMohib Raza
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
A novel starch source from water chestnut (WCS) was used to develop composite film with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and different plasticizer's effects on functional properties were investigated. Results showed that the plasticizer decreased the swelling capacity but conversely increased the film solubility. The tensile strength (TS) of WCS-PVA film improved when incorporating plasticizer but gradually reduced at higher plasticizer concentration. The TS reached the maximum value of 28.82 and 17.14 MPa with sorbitol and glycerol, respectively, at 20% concentration. Conversely, elongation at break was decreased first and then increased with concentration. The water vapor permeability was observed to be slightly increased from 1.698 × 10−10 to 1.744 × 10−10 g Pa−1 m−1 s−1 for G-plasticized films and 1.124 × 10−10 to 1.134 × 10−10 g Pa−1 m−1 s−1 for S-plasticized films. Also, the result indicated that the incorporation of plasticizers enhanced biodegradability and made them suitable for food packaging without any hazardous effects.
Novelty impact statement
In previous work, starch-based films with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were prepared from different starch sources. However, no study has been reported so far on biocomposite film made from water chestnut with PVA. This paper was reported for the first time for the development of WCS-PVA biocomposite film and demonstrated the different plasticizer effects on its physical, barrier, and mechanical properties.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that supports the findings of this study are available in the Supporting Information of this article.
REFERENCES
- Adhikari, B., Chaudhary, D., & Clerfeuille, E. (2010). Effect of plasticizers on the moisture migration behavior of low-amylose starch films during drying. Drying Technology, 28(4), 468–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373931003613593
- Aguirre, A., Borneo, R., & León, A. E. (2013). Antimicrobial, mechanical and barrier properties of triticale protein films incorporated with oregano essential oil. Food Bioscience, 1, 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2012.12.001
- Ahmed, J., Al-Attar, H., & Arfat, Y. A. (2016). Effect of particle size on compositional, functional, pasting and rheological properties of commercial water chestnut flour. Food Hydrocolloids, 52, 888–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.08.028
- Arham, R., Mulyati, M., Metusalach, M., & Salengke, S. (2016). Physical and mechanical properties of agar based edible film with glycerol plasticizer. International Food Research Journal, 23(4), 1669.
- Arrieta, M. P., Fortunati, E., Dominici, F., Rayón, E., López, J., & Kenny, J. M. (2014). Multifunctional PLA–PHB/cellulose nanocrystal films: Processing, structural and thermal properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 107, 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.044
- Arvanitoyannis, I., Psomiadou, E., & Nakayama, A. (1996). Edible films made from sodium casemate, starches, sugars or glycerol. Part 1. Carbohydrate Polymers, 31(4), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(96)00123-3
- ASTM. (1996). Standard methods for water vapor transmission of material. In Annual book of ASTM standards. American Society for Testing and Materials.
- ASTM, C. (1997). 267-in: Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Paper presented at the American Society for Testing Materials.
- Bae, H. J., Cha, D. S., Whiteside, W. S., & Park, H. J. (2008). Film and pharmaceutical hard capsule formation properties of mungbean, waterchestnut, and sweet potato starches. Food Chemistry, 106(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.070
- Beigomi, M., Mohsenzadeh, M., & Salari, A. (2018). Characterization of a novel biodegradable edible film obtained from Dracocephalum moldavica seed mucilage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 108, 874–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.184
- Benavides, S., Villalobos-Carvajal, R., & Reyes, J. (2012). Physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of alginate film: Effect of the crosslinking degree and oregano essential oil concentration. Journal of Food Engineering, 110(2), 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.05.023
- Bourtoom, T. (2008). Plasticizer effect on the properties of biodegradable blend film from rice starch-chitosan. Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology, 30, 149–165.
- Bourtoom, T., & Chinnan, M. S. (2008). Preparation and properties of rice starch–chitosan blend biodegradable film. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 41(9), 1633–1641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2007.10.014
- Cano, A. I., Cháfer, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2015). Physical and microstructural properties of biodegradable films based on pea starch and PVA. Journal of Food Engineering, 167, 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.06.003
- Chiumarelli, M., & Hubinger, M. D. (2014). Evaluation of edible films and coatings formulated with cassava starch, glycerol, carnauba wax and stearic acid. Food Hydrocolloids, 38, 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.11.013
- Dai, H., Yu, J., Geng, F., & Ma, X. (2009). Preparation and properties of starch-based film using N-(2-hydroxyethyl) formamide as a new plasticizer. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 48(8), 866–870.
- Dularia, C., Sinhmar, A., Thory, R., Pathera, A. K., & Nain, V. (2019). Development of starch nanoparticles based composite films from non-conventional source-Water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 136, 1161–1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.169
- Farahnaky, A., Saberi, B., & Majzoobi, M. (2013). Effect of glycerol on physical and mechanical properties of wheat starch edible films. Journal of Texture Studies, 44(3), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12007
- Follain, N., Joly, C., Dole, P., & Bliard, C. (2005). Properties of starch based blends. Part 2. Influence of poly vinyl alcohol addition and photocrosslinking on starch based materials mechanical properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 60(2), 185–192.
- Gani, A., Haq, S. S., Masoodi, F., Broadway, A., & Gani, A. (2010). Physico-chemical, morphological and pasting properties of starches extracted from water chestnuts (Trapa natans) from three lakes of Kashmir, India. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 53(3), 731–740. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132010000300030
- Gao, X., Tang, K., Liu, J., Zheng, X., & Zhang, Y. (2014). Compatibility and properties of biodegradable blend films with gelatin and poly (vinyl alcohol). Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed, 29(2), 351–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-014-0920-9
- Ghasemlou, M., Khodaiyan, F., & Oromiehie, A. (2011). Physical, mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of polyol-plasticized biodegradable edible film made from kefiran. Carbohydrate Polymers, 84(1), 477–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.010
- Gontard, N., Duchez, C., Cuq, J.-L., & Guilbert, S. (1994). Edible composite films of wheat gluten and lipids: Water vapour permeability and other physical properties. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 29(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb02045.x
- Gontard, N., Guilbert, S., & Cuq, J. L. (1993). Water and glycerol as plasticizers affect mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of an edible wheat gluten film. Journal of Food Science, 58(1), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb03246.x
- Hashemi, S. M. B., & Khaneghah, A. M. (2017). Characterization of novel basil-seed gum active edible films and coatings containing oregano essential oil. Progress in Organic Coatings, 110, 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.04.041
- Hernández-Muñoz, P., Kanavouras, A., Ng, P. K., & Gavara, R. (2003). Development and characterization of biodegradable films made from wheat gluten protein fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(26), 7647–7654. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034646x
- Homez, A., Daza, L., Solanilla, J., & Váquiro, H. (2018). Effect of temperature, starch and plasticizer concentrations on color parameters of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) edible films. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.
10.1088/1757-899X/437/1/012003 Google Scholar
- Hussain, S. Z., Beigh, M. A., Naseer, B., Amin, T., & Naik, H. R. (2019). Characteristics of resistant starch in water chestnut flour as improved by preconditioning process. International Journal of Food Properties, 22(1), 449–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2019.1588300
- Jantrawut, P., Chaiwarit, T., Jantanasakulwong, K., Brachais, C., & Chambin, O. (2017). Effect of plasticizer type on tensile property and in vitro indomethacin release of thin films based on low-methoxyl pectin. Polymers, 9(7), 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9070289
- Jaramillo, C. M., Gutiérrez, T. J., Goyanes, S., Bernal, C., & Famá, L. (2016). Biodegradability and plasticizing effect of yerba mate extract on cassava starch edible films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 151, 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.025
- Jost, V., Kobsik, K., Schmid, M., & Noller, K. (2014). Influence of plasticiser on the barrier, mechanical and grease resistance properties of alginate cast films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 110, 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.096
- Kaur, K., Jindal, R., Maiti, M., & Mahajan, S. (2019). Studies on the properties and biodegradability of PVA/Trapa natans starch (N-st) composite films and PVA/N-st-g-poly (EMA) composite films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 123, 826–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.134
- Kim, S. J., & Ustunol, Z. (2001). Solubility and moisture sorption isotherms of whey-protein-based edible films as influenced by lipid and plasticizer incorporation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(9), 4388–4391. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010122q
- Kochkina, N. E., & Butikova, O. A. (2019). Effect of fibrous TiO2 filler on the structural, mechanical, barrier and optical characteristics of biodegradable maize starch/PVA composite films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 139, 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.213
- Kong, R., Wang, J., Cheng, M., Lu, W., Chen, M., Zhang, R., & Wang, X. (2020). Development and characterization of corn starch/PVA active films incorporated with carvacrol nanoemulsions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 164, 1631–1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.016
- Kristo, E., & Biliaderis, C. G. (2006). Water sorption and thermo-mechanical properties of water/sorbitol-plasticized composite biopolymer films: Caseinate–pullulan bilayers and blends. Food Hydrocolloids, 20(7), 1057–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2005.11.008
- Laohakunjit, N., & Noomhorm, A. (2004). Effect of plasticizers on mechanical and barrier properties of rice starch film. Starch - Stärke, 56(8), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.200300249
- Lutfi, Z., Nawab, A., Alam, F., & Hasnain, A. (2017). Morphological, physicochemical, and pasting properties of modified water chestnut (Trapabispinosa) starch. International Journal of Food Properties, 20(5), 1016–1028.
- Mali, S., Grossmann, M. V. E., Garcia, M. A., Martino, M. N., & Zaritzky, N. E. (2002). Microstructural characterization of yam starch films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 50(4), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00058-9
- Malik, A. H., Faqir, M., Ayesh, S., Muhammad, I., & Muhammad, S. (2012). Extraction of starch from Water Chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxb) and its application in yogurt as a stabilizer. Pakistan Journal of Food Sciences, 22(4), 209–218.
- Mathew, S., Snigdha, S., Mathew, J., & Radhakrishnan, E. (2018). Poly (vinyl alcohol): Montmorillonite: Boiled rice water (starch) blend film reinforced with silver nanoparticles; characterization and antibacterial properties. Applied Clay Science, 161, 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.05.009
- McGrance, S. J., Cornell, H. J., & Rix, C. J. (1998). A simple and rapid colorimetric method for the determination of amylose in starch products. Starch - Stärke, 50(4), 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-379X(199804)50:4<158:AID-STAR158>3.0.CO;2-7
- Müller, C. M., Yamashita, F., & Laurindo, J. B. (2008). Evaluation of the effects of glycerol and sorbitol concentration and water activity on the water barrier properties of cassava starch films through a solubility approach. Carbohydrate Polymers, 72(1), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.07.026
- Muscat, D., Adhikari, B., Adhikari, R., & Chaudhary, D. (2012). Comparative study of film forming behaviour of low and high amylose starches using glycerol and xylitol as plasticizers. Journal of Food Engineering, 109(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.019
- Nawab, A., Alam, F., Haq, M. A., & Hasnain, A. (2016). Biodegradable film from mango kernel starch: Effect of plasticizers on physical, barrier, and mechanical properties. Starch - Stärke, 68(9–10), 919–928. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201500349
- Nouraddini, M., Esmaiili, M., & Mohtarami, F. (2018). Development and characterization of edible films based on eggplant flour and corn starch. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 120, 1639–1645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.126
- Qiao, X., Tang, Z., & Sun, K. (2011). Plasticization of corn starch by polyol mixtures. Carbohydrate Polymers, 83(2), 659–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.035
- Rodríguez, M., Oses, J., Ziani, K., & Mate, J. I. (2006). Combined effect of plasticizers and surfactants on the physical properties of starch based edible films. Food Research International, 39(8), 840–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2006.04.002
- Rusli, A. (2017). Physical and mechanical properties of agar based edible film with glycerol plasticizer. International Food Research Journal, 23(4), 1669–1675.
- Sanyang, M. L., Sapuan, S. M., Jawaid, M., Ishak, M. R., & Sahari, J. (2015). Effect of plasticizer type and concentration on tensile, thermal and barrier properties of biodegradable films based on sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) starch. Polymers, 7(6), 1106–1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym7061106
- Sanyang, M. L., Sapuan, S. M., Jawaid, M., Ishak, M. R., & Sahari, J. (2016). Effect of plasticizer type and concentration on physical properties of biodegradable films based on sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) starch for food packaging. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 53(1), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2009-7
- Singh, A. V., Kumar, R., & Singh, A. (2015). Evaluation of Physicochemical character of Trapa bispinosa Roxb. starch as pharmaceutical excipient. e-Journal of Science & Technology, 73–81.
- Singh, G. D., Bawa, A. S., Riar, C. S., & Saxena, D. C. (2009). Influence of heat-moisture treatment and acid modifications on physicochemical, rheological, thermal and morphological characteristics of Indian water chestnut (Trapa natans) starch and its application in biodegradable films. Starch - Stärke, 61(9), 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.200900129
- Singh, G. D., Riar, C. S., Saini, C., Bawa, A. S., Sogi, D. S., & Saxena, D. C. (2011). Indian water chestnut flour-method optimization for preparation, its physicochemical, morphological, pasting properties and its potential in cookies preparation. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 44(3), 665–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.09.015
- Sobral, P., Menegalli, F. C., Hubinger, M. D., & Roques, M. A. (2001). Mechanical, water vapor barrier and thermal properties of gelatin based edible films. Food Hydrocolloids, 15(4–6), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(01)00061-3
- Sudaryati, H., Mulyani, T., & Hansyah, E. R. (2012). Physical and mechanical properties of edible film from porang (Amorphopallus oncophyllus) flour and carboxymethylcellulose. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 11(3), 196–201.
- Suppakul, P., Chalernsook, B., Ratisuthawat, B., Prapasitthi, S., & Munchukangwan, N. (2013). Empirical modeling of moisture sorption characteristics and mechanical and barrier properties of cassava flour film and their relation to plasticizing–antiplasticizing effects. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 50(1), 290–297.
- Talja, R. A., Helén, H., Roos, Y. H., & Jouppila, K. (2007). Effect of various polyols and polyol contents on physical and mechanical properties of potato starch-based films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 67(3), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.05.019
- Turner, C., & McKeon, T. (2002). The use of immobilized Candida antarctica lipase for simultaneous supercritical fluid extraction and in-situ methanolysis of cis-vaccenic acid in milkweed seeds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 79(5), 473–478.
- Vieira, M. G. A., da Silva, M. A., dos Santos, L. O., & Beppu, M. M. (2011). Natural-based plasticizers and biopolymer films: A review. European Polymer Journal, 47(3), 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.12.011
- Wittaya, T. (2012). Rice starch-based biodegradable films: Properties enhancement. Structure and Function of Food Engineering, 5, 103–134.
- Wong, C., Muhammad, S., Dzulkifly, M., Saari, N., & Ghazali, H. (2007). Enzymatic production of linear long-chain dextrin from sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch. Food Chemistry, 100(2), 774–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.040
