Hot and cold tumors: Immunological features and the therapeutic strategies
Lianjie Wang,
Hui Geng,
Yujie Liu,
Lei Liu,
Yanhua Chen,
Fanchen Wu,
Zhiyi Liu,
Shiliang Ling,
Yan Wang,
Lihong Zhou,
Lianjie Wang
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Lianjie Wang, Hui Geng, Yujie Liu contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorHui Geng
Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai International Medical Center, Shanghai, China
Lianjie Wang, Hui Geng, Yujie Liu contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorYujie Liu
Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Lianjie Wang, Hui Geng, Yujie Liu contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorLei Liu
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Search for more papers by this authorYanhua Chen
Department of the Tumor Research Center, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Search for more papers by this authorFanchen Wu
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhiyi Liu
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Shiliang Ling
Department of Medical Oncology, Ningbo Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
Correspondence
Lihong Zhou, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yan Wang, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shiliang Ling, Department of Medical Oncology, Ningbo Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yan Wang
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Correspondence
Lihong Zhou, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yan Wang, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shiliang Ling, Department of Medical Oncology, Ningbo Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Lihong Zhou
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Correspondence
Lihong Zhou, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yan Wang, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shiliang Ling, Department of Medical Oncology, Ningbo Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorLianjie Wang,
Hui Geng,
Yujie Liu,
Lei Liu,
Yanhua Chen,
Fanchen Wu,
Zhiyi Liu,
Shiliang Ling,
Yan Wang,
Lihong Zhou,
Lianjie Wang
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Lianjie Wang, Hui Geng, Yujie Liu contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorHui Geng
Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai International Medical Center, Shanghai, China
Lianjie Wang, Hui Geng, Yujie Liu contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorYujie Liu
Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Lianjie Wang, Hui Geng, Yujie Liu contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorLei Liu
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Search for more papers by this authorYanhua Chen
Department of the Tumor Research Center, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Search for more papers by this authorFanchen Wu
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhiyi Liu
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Shiliang Ling
Department of Medical Oncology, Ningbo Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
Correspondence
Lihong Zhou, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yan Wang, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shiliang Ling, Department of Medical Oncology, Ningbo Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yan Wang
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Correspondence
Lihong Zhou, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yan Wang, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shiliang Ling, Department of Medical Oncology, Ningbo Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Lihong Zhou
Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Correspondence
Lihong Zhou, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yan Wang, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute of Integrative, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shiliang Ling, Department of Medical Oncology, Ningbo Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The “hotness” or “coldness” of the tumors are determined by the information of the cancer cells themselves, tumor immune characteristics, tumor microenvironment, and signaling mechanisms, which are key factors affecting cancer patients’ clinical efficacy. The switch mechanism of “hotness” and “coldness” and its corresponding pathological characteristics and treatment strategies are the frontier and hot spot of tumor treatment. How to distinguish the “hotness” or “coldness” effectively and clarify the causes, microenvironment state, and characteristics are very important for the tumor response and efficacy treatments. Starting from the concept of hot and cold tumor, this review systematically summarized the molecular characteristics, influencing factors, and therapeutic strategies of “hot and cold tumors,” and analyzed the immunophenotypes, the tumor microenvironment, the signaling pathways, and the molecular markers that contribute to “hot and cold tumors” in details. Different therapeutic strategies for “cold and hot tumors” based on clinical efficacy were analyzed with drug targets and proteins for “cold and hot tumors.” Furthermore, this review combines the therapeutic strategies of different “hot and cold tumors” with traditional medicine and modern medicine, to provide a basis and guidance for clinical decision-making of cancer treatment.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
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