Purification, characterization, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Okara
Yanbo Hu
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorSiqi Wang
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorZenghui Shi
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Contribution: Methodology, Validation
Search for more papers by this authorLiyuan Zhai
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Contribution: Investigation, Methodology, Resources
Search for more papers by this authorJingyi Fu
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Contribution: Investigation, Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jun Zhao
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Correspondence
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorYanbo Hu
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorSiqi Wang
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorZenghui Shi
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Contribution: Methodology, Validation
Search for more papers by this authorLiyuan Zhai
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Contribution: Investigation, Methodology, Resources
Search for more papers by this authorJingyi Fu
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Contribution: Investigation, Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jun Zhao
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China
Correspondence
School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Chang Chun University, Changchun, P.R. China.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorYanbo Hu and Siqi Wang contributed equally to this work.
Abstract
A neutral polysaccharide (SSPS-N) and an acidic polysaccharide (SSPS-A) were isolated from Okara by anion-exchange chromatography. The physical and chemical properties of polysaccharides were studied by HPLC, FT-IR, and SEM. The results showed that SSPS-N might be a galactomannans with a lamella-like structure, and SSPS-A might be an arabinogalactan with a complete porous structure. Furthermore, a new neutral soybean soluble polysaccharide (SSPS-N-b) with a molecular weight of 8.6 kDa was isolated from SSPS-N, and its fine structure was analyzed by GC–MS, enzymatic analysis, and NMR. The results showed that SSPS-N-b was a mixture of β-1,4-galactan and glucomannan, which (1→4)-β-d-linked mannose and (1→4)-β-d-linked glucose were connected alternately, and it was in parallel with β-1,4-galactan. The antioxidant activity results showed that β-1,4-Galactan in SSPS-N-b was identified as the main activity domain. This result will be utilized for the development of SSPS as novel functional foods and medicine.
Practical applications
Soluble soybean polysaccharide is considered to be a functional component in food because of their biological activities. The physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Okara show potential applications in novel functional foods and medicine.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| jfpp16411_Sup-0001- Figure S1.tifTIFF image, 874.7 KB |
Figure S1 |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
REFERENCES
- Beigi, M., & Jahanbin, K. (2019). A water-soluble polysaccharide from the roots of Eremurus spectabilis M. B. Subsp. Spectabilis: Extraction, purification and structural features. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 128, 648–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.178
- Bhotmange, D. U., Wallenius, J. H., Singhal, R. S., & Shamekh, S. S. (2017). Enzymatic extraction and characterization of polysaccharide from Tuber aestivum. Bioactive Carbohydrates & Dietary Fibre, 10, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2017.02.001
- Brown, G. D., & Gordon, S. (2001). Immune recognition. A new receptor for beta-glucans. Nature, 413(6851), 36–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/35092620
- Chan, M. K., Yu, Y., Wulamu, B. S., Wang, Y., Wang, Q. D., Zhou, Y. F., & Sun, L. (2020). Structural analysis of water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from Panax notoginseng. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 155, 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.233
- Chen, C., You, L. J., Abbasi, M. A., Fu, X., & Liu, H. R. (2015). Optimization for ultrasound extraction of polysaccharides from mulberry fruits with antioxidant and hyperglycemic activity in vitro. Carbohydrate Polymers, 130, 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.003
- Chen, C., Zhang, B., Huang, Q., Fu, X., & Liu, R. H. (2017). Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Moringa oleifera lam. Leaves: Characterization and hypoglycemic activity. Industrial Crops and Products, 100, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.01.042
- Cheng, H., Feng, S., Jia, X., Li, Q., Zhou, Y., & Ding, C. (2013). Structural characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides extracted from Epimedium acuminatum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 92(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.051
- Cipriani, T. R., Mellinger, C. G., Bertolini, M., Baggio, C. H., Freitas, C. S., Marques, M., Gorin, P. A. J., Sassaki, G. L., & Iacomini, M. (2009). Gastroprotective effect of a type I arabinogalactan from soybean meal. Food Chemistry, 115(2), 687–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.017
- Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350–356. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017
- Ebringerova, A., Hromadkova, Z., Alfoldi, J., & Berth, G. (1992). Structural and solution properties of corn cob heteroxylans. Carbohydrate Polymers, 19(2), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(92)90119-B
- Fang, X., Watanabe, Y., Adachi, S., Matsumura, Y., Mori, T., Maeda, H., Nakamura, A., & Matsuno, R. (2003). Microencapsulation of linoleic acid with low- and high-molecular-weight components of soluble soybean polysaccharide and its oxidation process. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 67(9), 1864–1869. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.67.1864
- Filisetticozzi, T. M. C. C., & Carpita, N. C. (1991). Measurement of uronic acids without interference from neutral sugars. Analytical Biochemistry, 197(1), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(91)90372-Z
- Gao, W., Huang, Y., Zeng, X. A., & Brennan, M. A. (2019). Effect of soluble soybean polysaccharides on freeze-denaturation and structure of myofibrillar protein of bighead carp surimi with liquid nitrogen freezing. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 135, 839–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.186
- Gómez-Ordóñez, E., & Rupérez, P. (2011). FTIR-ATR spectroscopy as a tool for polysaccharide identification in edible brown and red seaweeds. Food Hydrocolloids, 25, 1514–1520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.02.009
- Hojjati, M., Razavi, S. H., Rezaei, K., & Gilani, K. (2011). Spray drying microencapsulation of natural canthaxantin using soluble soybean polysaccharide as a carrier. Food Science and Biotechnology, 20(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-011-0009-6
- Hsieh, C., & Yang, F. C. (2004). Reusing soy residue for the solid-state fermentation of ganoderma lucidum. Bioresource Technology, 91(1), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00157-3
- Kačuráková, M., Wellner, N., Bringerová, A. E., Hromádková, Z., Wilson, R. H., & Belton, P. S. (1999). Characterisation of xylan-type polysaccharides and associated cell wall components by FT-IR and ft-raman spectroscopies. Food Hydrocolloids, 13(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(98)00067-8
- Khare, S. K., Krishna, J., & Gandhi, A. P. (1995). Citric acid production from okara (soy-residue) by solid-state fermentation. Bioresource Technology, 54(3), 323–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(95)00155-7
- Li, B., Qiao, M., & Lu, F. (2012). Composition, nutrition, and utilization of okara (soybean residue). Food Reviews International, 28(3), 231–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2011.595023
- Li, S., Hu, X., Zhu, D., Yang, Y., Lei, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2013). Optimization of fermentation conditions for crude polysaccharides by Morchella esculenta using soybean curd residue. Industrial Crops and Products, 50, 666–672.
- Li, S., & Shah, N. P. (2013). Effects of various heat treatments on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of Pleurotus eryngii extracts. Journal of Food Science, 78, 1122–1129. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12189
- Li, S., Wang, L., Song, C., Hu, X., Sun, H., Yang, Y., Lei, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2014). Utilization of soybean curd residue for polysaccharides by Wolfiporia extensa (peck) ginns and the antioxidant activities in vitro. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 45(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.05.019
- Liu, J., Wen, X. Y., Zhang, X. Q., Pu, H. M., Kan, J., & Jin, C. H. (2015). Extraction, characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from black soybean. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 72, 1182–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.058
- Liu, Y., Sun, Y. Y., & Huang, G. L. (2018). Preparation and antioxidant activities of important traditional plant polysaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 111, 780–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.086
- Lo, C. T., Cheng, A. C., Chiu, K. H., Tsay, P. K., & Jen, J. F. (2011). Correlation evaluation of antioxidant properties on the monosaccharide components and glycosyl linkages of polysaccharide with different measuring methods. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(1), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.056
- Luo, L., Wu, Y., Liu, C., Huang, L., & Lin, Q. (2019). Designing soluble soybean polysaccharides-based nanoparticles to improve sustained antimicrobial activity of nisin. Carbohydrate Polymers, 225, 115251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115251
- Mateos-Aparicio, I., Mateos-Peinado, C., Jiménez-Escrig, A., & Rupérez, P. (2010). Multifunctional antioxidant activity of polysaccharide fractions from the soybean byproduct okara. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82(2), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.020
- Mateos-Aparicio, I., Redondo-Cuenca, A., & Villanueva-Suarez, M. J. (2010). Isolation and characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides from legume by-products: Okara (soymilk residue), pea pod and broad bean pod. Food Chemistry, 122(1), 339–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.042
- Mccartney, L., Ormerod, A. P., Gidley, M. J., & Knox, J. P. (2010). Temporal and spatial regulation of pectic (1→4)-beta-d-galactan in cell walls of developing pea cotyledons: Implications for mechanical properties. Plant Journal, 22(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00719.x
- Min, S., Yang, Y., Di, G., Ying, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2012). Bioactivity of the crude polysaccharides from fermented soybean curd residue by Flammulina velutipes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 89(4), 1268–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.047
- Nakamura, A., Furuta, H., Maeda, H., Takao, T., & Nagamatsu, Y. (2002). Structural studies by stepwise enzymatic degradation of the main backbone of soybean soluble polysaccharides consisting of galacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry., 66, 1301–1313. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.66.1301
- Nakamura, A., Yoshida, R., Maeda, H., & Corredig, M. (2006). Soy soluble polysaccharide stabilization at oil–water interfaces. Food Hydrocolloids, 20(2–3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2005.02.018
- Needs, P. W., & Selvendran, R. R. (1993). Avoiding oxidative degradation during sodium hydroxide/methyl iodide-mediated carbohydrate methylation in dimethyl sulfoxide. Carbohydrate Research, 245(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(93)80055-J
- Palaniappan, S., Meivelu, M., Sadhasivam, S., Shanmugam, V., Alagiri, S., Shanmugam, V., & Annaian, S. (2015). Structural characterization and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharide from Monostroma oxyspermum. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 72, 1459–1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.062
- Petera, B., Delattre, C., Pierre, G., Wadouachi, A., Elboutachfaiti, R., Engel, E., Poughon, L., Michaud, P., & Fenoradosoa, T. A. (2015). Characterization of arabinogalactan-rich mucilage from Cereus triangularis cladodes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 127, 372–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.001
- Qiang, S., Yuliang, S., & Kevin, J. (2017). Immunogold scanning electron microscopy can reveal the polysaccharide architecture of xylem cell walls. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68(9), 2231–2244. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx103
- Riet, W., Wight, A. W., Cilliers, J., & Datel, J. M. (1989). Food chemical investigation of tofu and its byproduct okara. Food Chemistry, 34(3), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(89)90140-4
- Sanchez-Machado, D. I., Lopez-Cervantes, J., Lopez-Hernandez, J., & Paseiro-Losada, P. (2004). Fatty acids, total lipid, protein and ash contents of processed edible seaweeds. Food Chemistry, 85(3), 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.001
- Sedmak, J. J., & Grossberg, S. E. (1977). A rapid, sensitive, and versatile assay for protein using coomassie brilliant blue G250. Analytical Biochemistry, 79(1–2), 544–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(77)90428-6
- Singh, S., Singh, G., & Arya, S. K. (2018). Mannans: An overview of properties and application in food products. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 119, 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.130
- Sorourian, R., Khajehrahimi, A. E., Tadayoni, M., Azizi, M. H., & Hojjati, M. (2020). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Typha domingensis: Structural characterization and functional properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 160, 758–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.226
- Su, Y., & Li, L. (2020). Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from four auriculariales. Carbohydrate Polymers, 229, 115407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115407
- Tanaka, L., Oliveira, A., Goncalves, J. E., Cipriani, T. R., Souza, L. M. D., Marques, M., de Paula Werner, M. F., Baggio, C. H., Gorin, P. A. J., Sassaki, G. L., & Iacomini, M. (2010). An arabinogalactan with anti-ulcer protective effects isolated from Cereus peruvianus. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82(3), 714–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.05.043
- Vilaro, P., Bennadji, Z., Budelli, E., Moyna, G., Panizzolo, L., & Ferreira, F. (2017). Isolation and characterization of galactomannans from Prosopis affinis as potential gum substitutes. Food Hydrocolloids, 77, 711–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.10.038
- Wang, Q., Huang, X., Nakamura, A., Burchard, W., & Hallett, F. R. (2005). Molecular characterisation of soybean polysaccharides: An approach by size exclusion chromatography, dynamic and static light scattering methods. Carbohydrate Research, 340(17), 2637–2644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2005.08.012
- Wang, S., Zhao, L., Li, Q., Liu, C., Han, J., Zhu, L., Zhu, D., He, Y., & Liu, H. (2019). Rheological properties and chain conformation of soy hull water-soluble polysaccharide fractions obtained by gradient alcohol precipitation. Food Hydrocolloids, 91, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.12.054
- Wang, Y., Jia, J., Ren, X., Li, B., & Zhang, Q. (2018). Extraction, preliminary characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Oudemansiella radicata mushroom. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 120, 1760–1769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.209
- Wei, W., Feng, L., Nie, S. P., & Han, Q. B. (2016). Structure characterization and immunomodulating effects of polysaccharides isolated from dendrobium officinale. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 64(4), 881–889. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596582
- Xing, X., Cui, S. W., Nie, S., Phillips, G. O., Goff, H. D., & Wang, Q. (2014). Study on Dendrobium officinale o-acetyl-glucomannan (Dendronan): Part I. extraction, purification, and partial structural characterization. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, 4(1), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2014.06.004
- Yan, J. M., Zhu, L., Qu, Y. H., Xu, X., Mu, M. X., Zhang, M. S., Muneer, G., Zhou, Y., & Sun, L. (2019). Analyses of active antioxidant polysaccharides from four edible mushrooms. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 123, 945–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.079
- Yang, L., Zhang, H. Y., Zhao, Y. F., Huang, J. H., Zhu, D. S., Wang, S., Zhu, L., Chen, L., Xu, X., & Liu, H. (2020). Chemical structure, chain conformation and rheological properties of pectic polysaccharides from soy hulls. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 148, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.047
- Yang, X., Wang, R., Zhang, S., Zhu, W., Tang, J., Liu, J., Chen, P., Zhang, D., Ye, W., & Zheng, Y. (2014). Polysaccharides from Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer and their antioxidant activities. Carbohydrate Polymers, 101, 386–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.038
- Zhang, S. J., Hu, T. T., Chen, Y. Y., Wang, S., & Kang, Y. F. (2020). Analysis of the polysaccharide fractions isolated from pea (Pisum sativum L.) at different levels of purification. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(1), 13248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13248
10.1111/jfbc.13248 Google Scholar
- Zhang, X., Yu, L., Bi, H., Li, X., Ni, W., Han, H., Li, N., Wang, B., Zhou, Y., & Tai, G. (2009). Total fractionation and characterization of the water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Carbohydrate Polymers, 77(3), 544–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.034
- Zhang, Z. J., & Zhang, Y. Y. (2017). Advances in molecular modification of polysaccharides. Food Industry, 38(5), 253–257.
- Zhbankov, R. G., Sivchik, V. V., & Kolosova, T. E. (1980). Vibrational spectra of monosaccharides which differ in the configuration of the co(ch) groups. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, 32(5), 472–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00612923
10.1007/BF00612923 Google Scholar
- Zheng, Y. X. (2015). Research and progress on recycling of soybean yellow slurry water. Journal of Guangzhou City Polytechnic, 9(2), 58–61.
