In the current study, we found that the frequency of PD-1⁺CD4⁺ T cells and the concentration of soluble PD-1 increased in peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In peripheral CD4⁺ T cells, PD-1 was co-express with CCR7, KLF2 and IL32. In RA synovium, CCR7⁺CD4⁺ T cells and CXCL13⁺CD4⁺ T cells expressed PD-1. PD-1⁺CD4⁺ T cells in RA synovium also appeared to interact with B cells and synovial fibroblasts through BTLA and TNFSF signalling pathways.

In this study, we found that CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺CD8⁺ T cells in patients with liver cirrhosis were significantly increased and correlated with liver injury. Then, our results revealed that these CD8⁺ T-cell subsets exhibited innate-like functional characteristics. Lastly, we found that IL-15 could promote the activation and proliferation of CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺CD8⁺ T cells, which had strong cytotoxic effects in a TCR-independent manner mediated by NKG2D.

Our results suggest that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) cannot ameliorate the acute inflammation induced by lupus IgG but inhibits osteoclastogenesis in experimental lupus. The mechanism underlying the inhibition of dexamethasone-induced osteoclastogenesis by HCQ is through the regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression and reactive oxygen species production.

In this article, we revealed lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) gene expression as an independent unfavourable factor for both overall survival and progress-free survival in kidney neoplasm and exerted a significant impact on the prognosis of many other cancers. Besides, LAG3 served as a biomarker for the tumour microenvironment, which featured high infiltration but low function. We proposed that high LAG3 gene expression might be correlated with elevated immune infiltration with exhausted phenotypes.

The study highlights reductions in the level of IgG to pneumococcal proteins in sera from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients independent of total IgG levels, indicating one reason why RA patients have a high incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections and pneumonia. This impairment of naturally acquired IgG to S. pneumoniae protein antigens was present in RA patients before B-cell depletion treatment, although treatment with rituximab was associated with a dysregulation of the antibody responses in some patients as well.

This study identifies CD38 as a potential target for treating paediatric Burkitt's lymphoma. We compare two monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38, finding isatuximab more effective than daratumumab in reducing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and impacting key survival pathways in lymphoma cells.

In this study, we found that children with hybrid immunity mounted robust humoral and cellular immune responses that persisted for at least 6 months post infection.