The latest topics are described regarding anti-GQ1b antibody, which is a diagnostic marker for Fisher syndrome, including Ca²⁺-dependent anti-GQ1b antibodies. Although the same anti-GQ1b antibody was positive, the clinical feature was different between the Ca²⁺-dependent antibody and the Ca²⁺-independent group.

In this article, we review the evidence regarding the relationship between emerging infectious diseases (such as Zika virus infection and coronavirus disease 2019) and Guillain–Barré syndrome. The contemporary knowledge about post-vaccination Guillain–Barré syndrome is also summarized.

We present two cases of active relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis in pregnant women with different clinical courses, mirroring the disease heterogeneity and unpredictability. The decision of maintaining disease-modifying therapy throughout gestation could be a strategy to reduce postpartum relapses.

The pathological investigations of the fatal fulminant inflammation in the diaphragm resulting from Pembrolizumab-related myopathy. Histologically, diaphragm demonstrated massive infiltration of inflammatory cells and muscle fiber necrosis.The mechanisms that explain the generation of PD-1 nyopathy are still unknown. We should therefore always pay close attention to the neuromuscular symptoms of patients treated with ICIs.

Neurocognitive compromise, neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychopathology are all evident in autoimmune encephalitides. This review provides detailed analysis of the various cognitive deficits and psychopathology that occur in different subsets of autoimmune encephalitides . It also delves into the implication of the aforementioned in regard to patient quality of life and overall prognosis.

This study examines the effect of the most important factors involved in hepatic encephalopathy on the production of reactive oxygen species and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in highly purified primary rat astrocyte cultures. Results demonstrated that manganese evoked oxidative stress in a time-dependent manner. The cytokine production proved to be influenced by the type of the microglia elimination procedure.

Recent advances of proteomic technologies enable scientists to determine the target protein of autoantibodies in neuroimmunological disorders. These methods are divided into three categories, namely, (1) mass spectrometry–based method, (2) gene expression library screening, and (3) protein microarray. A sound knowledge of the advantages and limitations of each technique is required for selection of the optimal methodology for antigen identification.