The Front cover image is based on the Research Article Acute high altitude hypoxia exposure causes neurological deficits via formaldehyde accumulation by Changhong Ren et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13849.

The Additional cover image is based on the Research Article Which one is the superior target? A comparison and pooled analysis between posterior subthalamic area and ventral intermediate nucleus deep brain stimulation for essential tremor by Yutong Bai et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13878.

The Additional cover image is based on the Review Article Perioperative neurocognitive disorders: A narrative review focusing on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment by Hao Kong et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13873.

Perioperative neurocognitive disorders constitute a great challenge for older patients scheduled for surgery because their occurrence is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as enormous medical costs. Preoperative risk stratification and perioperative risk reduction should be adopted for perioperative NCDs prevention and treatment.

Polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) has shown promise as a neuroprotective agent in rodents with induced ischemic stroke in both adults and neonates. Previous studies have focused on either preconditioning (preC) or post-conditioning (postC) leading to ambiguity in determining the neuroprotective potential of poly I:C. This study showed a combined as well as a separate meta-analysis of preC and postC of poly I:C against cerebral ischemia (CI). Interestingly, we observed that both preC and postC offer neuroprotection against CI and act via the TLR3/NF-κB/TNF-α pathway.

Proposed molecular mechanism of acute hypobaric hypoxia induced neurological deficits via formaldehyde accumulation. AHH, acute hypobaric hypoxia; MA, methylamine; SSAO, semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase; FA, formaldehyde; ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2; H₂O, water; CO₂, carbon dioxide; GSH, glutathione; GPx4, glutathione peroxidase 4; LPO, lipid peroxidation; Fe²⁺, ferrous iron.

Cigarette smoking might affect cognitive function by modulating functional changes of the cortico-striatal circuits in individuals without dementia. The effects of cigarette smoking exerted on cortico-striatal circuits connectivity are different in CN smokers and MCI smokers.

In this clinical trial, vascular pedicle hemisected spinal cord transplantation (vSCT), one of the spinal cord fusion clinical translation models, was demonstrated the clinical feasibility and efficacy in re-establishing the continuity of spinal nerve fibers. vSCT could provide the anatomic, morphologic, and histologic foundations to potentially restore the motor, sensory, and autonomic nervous functions in paraplegic patients.

To summarize, a novel ICP trajectory that could enable us to move the treatment of ABI from a fixed threshold approach to a more individualized treatment was proposed. ICP values and variability differed across these six identified trajectory groups with favorable vs. unfavorable outcomes. The epidemiological shift toward a larger proportion of physiologically fragile elderly patients calls for more attention.

In the past 17 years, great progress has been made in the research and development of drugs and clinical trials for ischemic stroke in mainland China. Phase IV trials showed the greatest growth, with an average annual growth rate of 27.8%. The most extensive progress was observed in TCMs, antithrombotic therapy, and cerebral protection agents. This is the first study to depict the evolution of acute ischemic stroke drug clinical trials in mainland China in 2005–2021.

The relationship between statins and intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes is unclear. We aimed to compare the in-hospital mortality and the rates of evacuation of intracranial hematoma in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage between prior statins users and non-users. A retrospective study was conducted and data were derived from the Chinese Stroke Center Consortium (CSCA). Patients aged 50 years or older with a diagnosis of primary intracerebral hemorrhage were included. Demographic data, medical history, NIHSS, and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score were collected. Outcome measures included death at discharge and evacuation of intracranial hematoma. Multivariable logistic regression analyses and propensity score matching analyses were used to investigate the relationship between prior statins use and the clinical outcomes. The final study population included 66,263 patients. Multivariable logistics analyses showed that prior statins use was not associated with in-hospital mortality for primary intracerebral hemorrhage (adjusted OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.61–1.01), but reduced the proportion of patients undergoing evacuation of intracranial hematoma (adjusted OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61–0.82), and propensity score matching analyses yielded similar results. Prior statins use is not associated with in-hospital mortality, but reduced the rates of evacuation of intracranial hematoma.

With developments in neurocritical care, the number of patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) is rapidly growing but the treatment remains challenging. The paper explores the efficiency of SCS in treating patients with DoC at different consciousness levels and summarizes the long-term functional prognosis and related factors of SCS in patients with DoC.

SNI markedly decreased the expression of Kir7.1 and upregulated SUMOylated-Kir7.1 in the spinal dorsal horn accompanied by mechanical hypersensitivity. Blocking Kir7.1 with the specific antagonist or knockdown kir7.1 by siRNA led to mechanical allodynia. Moreover, inhibited SUMOylation can increase the spinal surface Kir7.1 expression. SUMOylation of the Kir7.1 in spinal cord might contribute to the development of SNI-induced mechanical allodynia by decreasing the Kir7.1 surface expression in rats.

GAERS and NEC rats were treated with cannabinoid 1/2 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 2 mg/kg and tested on the Elevated Plus-Maze.